问题 问答题

【问题2】 对于大型项目,通常采用迭代的方法来进行架构设计。架构先被原型化、测试、评估分析,然后在一系列的迭代过程中被细化。这种方法能够使需求细化、成熟化,并能够被更好地理解。请用400字以内文字,简述软件架构基于场景驱动的迭代式设计过程。

答案

参考答案:

解析:[答案要点] 系统大多数关键的功能以场景(或用例)的形式被捕获。所谓关键是指系统最重要的功能(或系统存在的理由),或使用频率最高的功能,或其应用减轻了一些重要的技术风险。基于场景驱动的迭代式设计过程如下。 1)开始阶段。基于风险和重要性为某次迭代选择一些场景。场景可能被归纳为对若干用户需求的抽象;对场景进行“描述”,以识别主要的抽象(类、机制、过程、子系统);将所发现的架构元素分布到4个视图中;然后实施、测试、评估该架构,这个过程中可能检测到一些缺点或潜在的增强要求;捕获经验教训。 2)循环阶段。重新评估风险,选择能减轻风险或提高结构覆盖的额外的少量场景,然后试着在原先的架构中描述这些场景,发现额外的架构元素,或找出适应这些场景所需的重要架构变更,更新4个主要视图;根据变更修订现有的场景;升级实现工具(架构原型)以支持新的、扩展了的场景集合。 3)测试。如果有可能(比如,在已有可重用的组件下快速实现系统),在实际的目标环境和负载下进行测试。 4)评审这5个视图,检测架构在简洁性、可重用性和通用性方面可能存在的潜在问题。 5)更新设计准则和基本原理。 6)捕获经验教训。 对于实际的系统,初始的架构原型需要不断进行演化。一般的情况是在经过两次或三次迭代,当找到了主要的抽象,子系统和过程都已经完成并且已经实现所有的接口,系统架构可认为趋向于稳定。

[分析]: 考查“4+1”视图架构的场景驱动实现方法。

多项选择题
单项选择题

Unlike most sports, which evolved over time from street games, basketball was (31) by one man to suit a particular purpose. The man was Dr. James Naismith, and his purpose was to invent a (32) game that could be played indoors in the winter.

In 1891, Naismith was an instructor at a training school, which trained physical education instructors for the YMCAs. That year the school was trying (33) up with a physical activity that the men could enjoy (34) the football and baseball seasons. None of the standard indoor activities (35) their interest for long. Naismith was asked to solve the problem by the school.

He first tried to (36) some of the popular outdoor sports, but they were all too rough. The men were getting bruised from (37) each other and (38) hit with equipment. So, he decided to invent a game that would incorporate the most common elements of outdoor team sports without having the real physical (39) , Most popular sports used a ball, so he chose a soccer ball because it was soft and large enough that it (40) no equipment, such as a bat or a racket to hit it. Next he decided (41) an elevated goal, so that scoring would depend on skill and accuracy rather than on (42) only. His goals were two peach baskets, (43) to ten-foot-high balconies at each end of the gym. The basic (44) of the game was to throw the ball into the basket. Naismith wrote rules for the game, (45) of which, though with some small changes, are still (46) effect.

Basketball was a(n) (47) success. The students (48) it to their friends, and the new sport quickly (49) on. Today, basketball is one of the most popular games (50) the world.

(34)()

A. between

B. during

C. when

D. for