问题 问答题

材料1
一个社会的进步,不仅表现在物质财富的不断丰富上,而且表现在精神世界的不断充实上。青年素有“开风气之先”的光荣传统,是引领社会风尚的重要力量。广大青年要紧紧围绕建设社会主义核心价值体系,积极参与和谐文化建设,为提高全社会的文明程度发挥应有的作用。一方面,要自觉传承中 * * 传统美德,注重学习,积极践行,使中华文化的优秀传统代代相传,使党和人民在长期奋斗中形成的光荣传统薪火永续;另一方面,要积极倡导社会文明新风,大力发扬团结互助、扶贫济困、平等友爱、诚信和谐的社会风尚,从我做起,从小事做起,从身边做起,在全社会带头践行社会主义荣辱观,充分展现当代青年的良好精神风貌。
——摘自2008年6月14日胡 * * 《在同团中央新一届领导班子成员和团十六大部分代表座谈时的讲话》
材料2
许多人在同一生产过程中,或在不同的但互相联系的生产过程中,有计划地一起协同劳动,这种劳动形式叫做协作。一个骑兵连的进攻力量或一个步兵团的抵抗力量,与单个骑兵分散展开的进攻力量的总和或单个步兵分散展开的抵抗力量的总和有本质的差别,同样,单个劳动者的力量的机械总和,与许多人手同时共同完成同一不可分割的操作所发挥的社会力量有本质的差别。在这里,结合劳动的效果要么是个人劳动根本不可能达到的,要么只能在长得多的时间内,或者只能在很小的规模上达到。这里的问题不仅是通过协作提高了个人生产力,而且是创造了一种生产力,这种生产力本身必然是集体力。且不说由于许多力量融合为一个总的力量而产生的新力量。
——摘自马克思《资本论》
材料3
我再谈一个论点,这个故事不是我编的,是北大光华的EMBA讨论我的课程的时候的发言,龟兔赛跑难道就赛一次吗兔子在半道睡觉了,所以乌龟跑第一了,我们的EMBA的同志就说了,龟兔赛跑不是在第一次兔子睡觉的时候就成功了,所以第二次赛跑是兔子赢,乌龟就不服了,咱们赛第三次吧,前两次是由你兔子指定的路线跑,这次我来指定。兔子想了,反正我跑得快,就跑吧。兔子跑到中间的时候有一条河挡住了,但是乌龟游过了河,第三次乌龟就跑第一了。后来又说赛第四次,结果说我们干什么要跑来跑去,我们协作吧,于是在陆地上兔子跑,在过河的时候乌龟驮着兔子游,这就叫双赢。
——摘自(2003年12月9日)厉以宁《在“中国与WTO论坛”的讲话》
材料4
人是最名副其实的动物,不仅是一种合群的动物,而且是只有在社会中才能独立的动物。
——摘自马克思《(政治经济学批判)导言》
材料5
“经济人假设”的原则是“主观为自己,客观为别人”。社会上不存在纯粹的利他行为,所有个体都从自身效用最大化方面选择行为方式。按照通常的理解,“经济人”似乎是不讲道德的人。
在“主观为自己,客观为别人”的原则指导下,个体之间会形成共同利益。生物界普遍存在着为群体利益而牺牲自身利益的本能,很多情况下,个体在采取利他行为时也会产生快感。同样,如果个体采取过于不道德的行为,会产生痛苦。研究发现,道德感强的人心态良好,能促进人体内分泌更多有益的物质,甚至会出现生理变化,使人体处于更好的状态,增强机体的抗病力,促进人们健康长寿。而违反道德的人常常会出现紧张、恐惧、内疚等心态,从而引起神经系统和内分泌系统的紊乱,损害机体健康。因此,近年来国际上出现了“道德健康”的概念。道德健康的标准是:健康者不以损害他人的利益来满足自己的需要,具有辨别真伪、善恶、美丑、荣辱的能力,能按照社会行为的规范准则来约束及支配自己的思想和行为。
——摘自(2009年5月25日)《中国教育报》,《“道德”的多版本解读》
请回答:
(1)如何处理好个人与他人的关系结合材料1阐明促进个人与他人关系的和谐应坚持什么原则。
(2)结合材料2、3论述如何处理好竞争与合作的关系。
(3)人既然是“只有在社会中才能独立的动物”,那么如何促进个人与社会的和谐。“主观为自己,客观为别人”的观点是否正确

答案

参考答案:(1)个人与他人的关系,在本质上是社会关系尤其是社会利益关系的表现形式。处理个人与他人的关系,关键是要处理好个人与他人的利益关系。
促进个人与他人的和谐应坚持的原则。第一,平等原则。平等待人是促进个人与他人和谐的前提。第二,诚信原则。诚信是促进个人与他人和谐的保证。第三,宽容原则。宽容是促进个人与他人和谐必不可少的条件。第四,互助原则。互助是促进个人与他人和谐的必然要求。
(2)第一,正确认识竞争。一般说来,竞争是具有积极意义的,它有助于激发竞争主体的进取心,有助于竞争主体客观地评价自我、扬长避短、展现才华、不断提高,从而有助于推动社会的发展。竞争也可能产生消极的影响,失败可能使人们产生自卑感和挫折感,经常获胜又容易滋长骄傲自大的情绪。尤其值得注意的是,采取不正当的手段进行的恶性竞争,既是人际交往的大忌,也是个人品德修养的大忌。在竞争中要有规则意识,要守法守德,要讲风格、讲合作,不能把竞争与合作对立起来。第二,正确认识合作。一个人、一个群体的力量总是有限的。真正伟大的力量在于团结协作,团结有力量,团结能制胜。社会越发展,人们合作的范围越广大,合作的形式也越多样。在学习的过程中要讲究合作,在日常生活中也要讲究合作,在今后的工作中还要讲究合作。第三,正确处理好竞争与合作的关系。从形式上看,竞争与合作是对立的,而从本质上看,两者又是相互伴随、相互统一的。竞争离不开合作,竞争获得的胜利,通常总是某一群体内部或多个群体之间通力合作的结果;合作也离不开竞争,没有竞争的合作就缺乏活力。竞争促进合作的广度和深度,合作又增强竞争的实力,正是这种竞争中的合作和合作中的竞争,推动着人类社会不断发展和进步。要鼓励竞争、提倡竞争、保护竞争,同时又要提倡合作,提倡互相关心、互相爱护、互相帮助。
(3)促进个人与社会的和谐需要把握几种关系:第一,正确认识个体性与社会性的统一关系;第二,正确认识个人需要与社会需要的统一关系;第三,正确认识个人利益与社会利益的统一关系;第四,正确认识享受个 * * 利与承担社会责任的统一关系。
“主观为自己,客观为别人”的观点是错误的。是资产阶级所奉行的人生观的一种形式,其实质是利己主义。所谓的“为别人”实际上是达到“为自己”的目的的一种手段,为自己才是真正的和根本的目的,“客观为别人”与我们所讲的为人民服务有着原则的区别。

完形填空

Made in the USA: An Export Boom
In his State of the Union address two years ago, President Obama argued that in order to recover from the economic recession, one of the few things the U.S. needed to do was to export more goods around the world. That night, the president unveiled a new goal: to double U.S. exports over the next five years. It would be an increase that the president said would “support two million jobs in America.”
Most economists dismissed the promise at the time as something unrealistic, but two years later, the U.S. is on pace to meet that goal. American exports are up 34 percent since the president gave that speech, and the number continues to rise.
Competitive In A Global Market
Marlin Steel, a metal working business in Baltimore, makes parts that ship all across the world.“ We export to 36 countries,” owner Drew Greenblatt tells All Things Considered Host Guy Raz. “We're working around the clock, and we're growing.”
It's not just advanced manufacturing exports on the rise, but pork, cattle and all kinds of agricultural exports are up as well. Even American craft beer has found an export market.
Flying Dog CEO Jim Caruso says that increasingly, people all over the world are trying the beer from the Maryland-based brewery. Caruso says,“Even in those top beer-producing countries, a competitive American product is finding a market.”
Services Are Exports, Too
Another place exports are coming from is New York City—in particular, the 30th floor of a Manhattan skyscraper on 5th Avenue and 52nd Street. That's where the consulting firm Kurt Solomon lies. It doesn't actually produce a product for export; it provides management advice and strategy.
“Four out of every five Americans is now employed in the service industry,” the nation's top trade official, Ron Kirk says, “Services are a significant part of our exports, and make up about a quarter of our exported goods.” These services can include everything from legal consulting, finance, information technology and even engineering.
And There Are Other Factors
So why has there been an increase of more than 30 percent for exports in almost everything? Part of the increase, at least for the manufacturing side, is due to better technology, says Tyler Cowen, an economist. “A lot of it is being driven by smart machines,” he tells Raz,“The U.S. has high wage rates, which is a disadvantage, but if machines are doing a lot of the work, that doesn't matter.”
China factors a lot in America's export economy, too. “Wages in China have been going up as the country becomes more productive. Thus China is losing the cheap labor advantage it has held for some time.” Cowen says.
Will Jobs Grow, too?
“Companies have become more productive by dismissing workers and lowering costs.” Cowen says, “So I don't view exporting as a way of creating a very large number of jobs, but it will create more profits.”
So not every business or worker is necessarily benefiting from the export boom in the U.S., and Cowen says that could ultimately lead to a polarization(两极) of economic outcomes.
Made In the USA: An Export Boom
Outline
Details
The purpose of  increasing exports
*To help America make a 小题1:______ from the economic recession
*To help raise the nation's小题2:______ rate
The current situation
*American exports have risen 小题3:______ thirty-four percent up to now
*There has been an increase in exports in everything
*The export boom does not necessarily 小题4:_____ every business or worker
小题5:______ contributing to the export boom
小题6:______products
Even in those top beer-producing countries, people try craft beer from Flying Dog, a brewery 小题7:_____ in Maryland.
Various products
A variety of products are provided around the world,services 小题8:______ for 25%
Lower costs
*小题9:_____ take the place of labor, helping companies reduce wages
*China, who used to take小题10:______ of cheap labor, has given way to America in exports to some extent because of its increasing production
 
 
 
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