软件能力成熟度模型CMM(Capability Maturity Model)描述和分析了软件过程能力的发展与改进的程度，确立了一个软件过程成熟程度的分级标准。在初始级，软件过程定义几乎处于无章法可循的状态，软件产品的成功往往依赖于个人的努力和机遇。
在 (9) ，已建立了基本的项目管理过程，可对成本、进度和功能特性进行跟踪。
在 (10) ，用于软件管理与工程两方面的软件过程均已文档化、标准化，并形成了整个软件组织的标准软件过程。
在已管理级，对软件过程和产品质量有详细的度量标准。
在 (11) ，通过对来自过程、新概念和新技术等方面的各种有用信息的定量分析，能够不断地、持续地对过程进行改进。
A．可重复级
B．管理级
C．功能级
D．成本级
参考答案：A
| It looks unlikely that medical science will abolish the process of ageing. But it no longer looks impossible. "In the long run," as John Maynard Keynes observed, "we are all dead." True. But can the short run be elongatedin a way that makes the long run longer And if so, how, and at what cost People have dreamt of immorality since ancient times. Now, with the growth of biological knowledge that has marked the past few decades, a few researchers believe it might be within reach. To think about the question, it is important to understand why organisms — people included —age in the first place. People are like machines, they wear out. That much is obvious. However, a machine can always be repaired. A good mechanic with a stock of spare parts can keep it going indefinitely. Eventually, no part of the original may remain, but it still carries on, like Lincoln’s famous axe that had three new handles and two new blades. The question, of course, is whether the machine is worth repairing. It is here that people and nature disagree. Or, to put it slightly differently, two bits of nature disagree with each other. From the individual’s point of view, survival is an imperative. A fear of death is a sensible evolved response and, since ageing is a sure way of dying, it is no surprise that people want to stop it in its tracks. Moreover, even the appearance of ageing can be harmful. It reduces the range of potential sexual partners who find you attractive and thus, again, curbs your reproduction. The paradox is that the individual’s evolved desire not to age is opposed by another evolutionary force, the disposable soma. The soma is all of a body’s cells apart from the sex cells. The soma’s role is to get those sex cells, and thus the organism’s genes, into the next generation. If the soma is a chicken, then it really is just an egg’s way of making another egg. And if evolutionary logic requires the soma to age and die in order for this to happen, so be it. Which is a pity, for evolutionary logic does, indeed, seem to require that. The argument is this. All organisms are going to die of something eventually. That something may be an accident, a fight, a disease or an encounter with a hungry predator. There is thus a premium on reproducing early rather than conserving resources for a future that may never come. The reason why repairs are not perfect is that they are costly and resources invested in them might be used for reproduction instead. Often, therefore, the body’s mechanics prefer lash-ups to complete rebuilds — or simply do not bother with the job at all. And if that is so, the place to start looking for longer life is in the repair shop. |
It is implied in the passage that ______ .
A．( people put a premium on youth and physical appearance
B．( death is treated as a matter of course
C．( evolutionary force makes immortality possible
D．( reproduction is a useful alternative to longer life