问题 材料题

光辉灿烂的中华文明,以华夏文化为基础,融会各民族文化,不断丰富发展,生生不息。阅读材料,完成下列问题:

材料一:据《礼记·王制》记述,春秋时期“中国(中原华夏)、戎夷、五方之民,皆有其性也,不可推移(改变)。言语不通,嗜欲不同”。而到东汉初年,据《续汉书·祭祀志》记载,光武帝称其时已然,书同文,人同伦”。

材料二:会宁(今黑龙江阿城)乃国家兴王之地,自迁都永安(今北京)女直(即女真)漫忘旧风。宴饮音乐,皆习汉风。                 ——《金史·世宗纪》

材料三:北方(指北方少数民族)奄有(统治)中夏,必行汉法,可以长久。故后魏(北魏)、辽、金历年(统治时间最多)          ——(元)许衡《鲁斋遗书》

(1)根据材料一,概括从春秋时期到东汉初期中国文化发生的变化。结合所学知识,分析促成这一变化的原因。

______________________________________________________________________________

(2)根据材料二、三并结合所学知识,分析辽、金,并概述其内容。

______________________________________________________________________________

(3)简述从中华文明发展的历史中得到的启示。

______________________________________________________________________________

答案

(1)变化:从分散走向融合。原因:春秋战国时期的经济文化交流与战争,促成(长江、黄河流域)各民族逐渐融合;秦汉长期的政治统一及其实行的统一措施促成了文化的一致性。

(2)原因:契丹族和女真族社会文化落后于中原,内容:统治中原,必须学习中原先进的文化。政治中心南移,采用中原王朝政治制度;采用中原的生产方式;接受汉族的文化习俗。

(3)历史上各民族共同创造了中华文明,继续发展仍需要各民族共同努力;或中华文明要发展应保持自己的优秀传统,广泛吸收世界其他各国的优秀文化。(言之有理即可)

单项选择题

Lichens may grow on the bark of a tree in a steaming tropical rain forest, on the bricks of big city buildings, on rocks in hot springs, on wind-swept mountaintops, and in the driest desserts. In the arctic, they provide the principal food for caribou, and they are one of the few plants that grow in Antarctica. They are pioneers, appearing in barren rocky areas and starting the formation of soil in which mosses, then ferns, and then other plants can take root.
Lichens are a partnership of two plants — fungi and algae. The lichen body is made up of a network of fungal strands. In the upper layers of these grow groups of algae. The two organisms live together to the benefit of both, a relationship known as symbiosis. The fungi provide support, absorb water, and shelter the tender algae from direct sunlight. The algae carry on photosynthesis and provide the fungi with food. The algae can live independently and are recognizable as a species that grows alone. The fungi, on the other hand, cannot live apart from their partners. They can be placed in known classes of fungi but are unlike any species that lives independently.
So definite are the form, color, and characteristics of these double organisms that for hundreds of years, they were classified as one. More than 15,000 "species" were named. If these organisms are classified as separate species, it is difficult to fit them into the existing system of classification. But if they are classified separately, these species of fungi seem rather strange. Lichens are a splendid example of the difficulties faced by taxonomists in classifying species.

Which of the following is an example of symbiosis as it is described in Paragraph 2

A.Certain types of tall grass conceal tigers because of the tigers’ striped markings.
B.Fish called remoras attach themselves to sharks and eat the scraps of the sharks’ meals.
C.Mistletoe, a type of shrub, grows on trees and harms them by extracting water and nutrients.
D.Protozoa in the intestines of termites digest the cellulose that the termites eat, and their waste products nourish the termites.

填空题