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     Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.

     One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.

Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in

Sweden did the study.

    They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner's

Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The

students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group,   so they would all gain

equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players,   at a cost to the

punisher. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation.

The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that

rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself,   the lower its earnings. The group with the

most punishment earned twentyfive percent less than the group with the least punishment. The study

appeared last month in the journal Science.

     The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on

violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred

children were aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were

aged five to nine.  The two groups were retested four years later,   and the study compared the results

with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children

whose parents did not.

     The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than

those who were. In the older group,   the difference was almost three points. The more they are

spanked,   the slower their mental development is.

1. According to the first study,   we mainly infer that________.

A. the game is called Prisoner's Dilemma

B. the less a group punished itself,   the lower its earnings

C. adults are much more cooperative if rewarded

D. the game is introduced in the journal Science

2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the second study?

A. Children's IQs have much to do with physical punishment.

B. The study is about violence and abuse of children.

C. The children tested were divided into groups of four.

D. Children's mental development only relies on their IQs.

3. What does the underlined word "spanked" refer to?

A. Punished.  

B. Blamed.

C. Tested.  

D. Praised.

4. What might be the best title for the text?

A. The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior

B. Punishment Is the Best Way of Education

C. Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior

D. Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

Charles Darwin wed his cousin Emma and spawned 10 children, including four brilliant scientists. Albert Einstein’s second wife Elsa was his first cousin. Queen Victoria said “I do” to hers. So have millions worldwide. In parts of Saudi Arabia, 39% of all marriages are between first cousins.

In the U. S., though, the practice bears a stigma of inbreeding just this side of incest. The taboo is not only social hut legislative; 24 states ban the marriage of first cousins: five others allow it only if the couple is unable to bear children. A major reason for this ban is the belief that kids of first cousins are tragically susceptible to serious congenital illnesses.

That view may have to change. A comprehensive study published recently in the Journal of Genetic Counseling indicates such children run an only slightly higher risk of significant genetic disorders like congenital heart defects — about two percentage points above the average 3% to 4%. Says the study’s lead author, Robin Bennett, president-elect of the National Society of Genetic Counselors, which funded the study: “Aside from a thorough medical family history, there is no need to offer any genetic testing on the basis of consanguinity alone”.

Publication of the study will do more than tweak public awareness; it will enlighten doctors who have urged cousin couples not to have children. “Just this week,” says Bennett, “I saw a 23-year-old woman who had had a tubal ligation because her parents were cousins and her doctor told her she shouldn’t have children.”

The American proscription against cousin marriages grew in the 19^th century as wilderness settlers tried to distinguish themselves from the “savage” Indians, says Martin, author of the book Forbidden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage. “The truth is that Europeans were marrying their cousins and Native Americans were not.”

And doesn’t God have stern words on the subject Christie Smith, 37, a Nevada writer, says she felt guilty when she fell in love with her first cousin’s son Mark. “I was trying so hard to convince myself not to have these feelings,” she recalls, “that I went to the Bible looking for confirmation that it was wrong. And what I found was the exact opposite: support for cousin marriages.” The patriarch Jacob married two of his first cousins, Rachel and Leah. Smith married Mark in 1999.

The medical ban is lifted; the social stain may take longer to disappear.

It is suggested in Paragraph 1 and 2 that the cousin marriage（）

A. resembles incest in nature

B. puts cousin couples to shame

C. always causes serious genetic disorders

D. is a common phenomenon across the world