问题 综合题

(12分)阅读下列材料,回答问题。

1793年的马戛尔尼访华,在马戛尔尼使团启程之前,英国东印度公司董事长弗兰西斯?培林爵士给两广总督、广东巡抚郭世勋写了一封信,告知马戛尔尼勋爵奉命访华。信件的英文内容如下:

“最仁慈的英王陛下听说贵国皇帝庆祝八十万寿的时候,为了对贵国皇帝树立友谊,为了改进北京和伦敦两个王朝的友好来往,为了增进贵我双方臣民之间的商业关系,英王陛下特派遣自己的表亲和参议官、贤明干练的马戛尔尼勋爵作为全权特使,代表英王本人谒见中国皇帝,深望通过他来奠定两者之间的永久和好。

郭世勋不敢如实地翻译和转奏,便将信译成汉文并作了修改,其译文如下:

“……敬禀者,我国王兼管三处地方,向有夷商来粤贸易,素沐皇仁。令闻天朝大皇帝八旬万寿,未能遣使赴京叩祝,我国王心中惶恐不安。……公选妥干贡使马戛尔尼前来,带有贵重礼物进呈天朝大皇帝,以表其慕顺之心,惟愿大皇帝恩施远夷,准其永远通好,俾中国百姓与外国远夷同沾乐利,物产丰盈,我国王感激不尽。”

从这封信件的不同“译本”中,反映了中、英两国怎样的外交理念,请结合所学知识联系当时世界形势加以说明。

答案

英国:培林爵士这封信反映了近代西方资本主义的外交理念。18世纪末以英国为首的西方列强已逐步迈入工业文明的大门。他们急于寻找更为广阔的市场,要求双方按同等的地位、平等的关系进行贸易,进一步促进资本主义的发展。

中国:郭世勋的译文反映的是自然经济基础上的理藩外交理念。代表了大清王朝依然固守传统的观念。在天朝上国的朝贡体制下,对近代世界潮流一无所知,对即将到来的危机茫然不觉。

题目分析:本题主要考查阅读史料,获取有效信息及知识的迁移与运用的能力。解答本题时需要首先回答各自的理念,其次需要联系两位所处的时代背景加以分析与说明。材料中“1793年”时,结合当时的世界可知以英国为首的西方列强已经开始了工业化,民主平等思想为人们所接收,为了获得广阔的市场,要求在平等的基础上进行贸易往来,以此促进资本主义的发展,由此可知培林爵士这封信反映了近代西方资本主义的外交理念。

18世纪末的中国,自然经济依然占主导地位,清政府依然固守传统的观念,对世界的发展一无所知,由郭世勋的译文可以看出中国当时的外交理念是是自然经济基础上的理藩外交。

阅读理解

Many young people all over the world love to travel and see the world. Have you heard of backpackers? They are normally young people who travel cheaply with just one bag and comfortable walking boots. They buy local food in supermarkets to save money and at the same time become friends with local people.

Some people prefer adventure tours. Brave people may try bungee(蹦极) jumping from the bridge overlooking the Victoria Falls in Africa with only a rope around their legs. Some enjoy the challenge of rock climbing in the Alps in Switzerland. Others may go ice skiing in the Rocky Mountains in the USA.

Have you ever heard of an ecotourism (生态旅游)? It means a holiday in which people come close to nature but are very careful not to destroy the nature beauty or living things in the area. How can this be possible? Let's read an interview with people who enjoyed a swimming with dolphins tour.

Interviewer what was the most exciting part of your holiday?

Sharon from South Africa I felt excited when I heard the sound of wild dolphins beside me in the water and then swimming directly under me. An image I will never forget.

Xavier from Portugal There were two dolphins below us swimming downwards. One stopped and looked back at me as if to say “What are those strange things?” Fantastic!

Interviewer Did you feel that your holiday helped local people and areas to keep their beautiful environment?

Jane from New Zealand The hotel and the whale and dolphin watching companies hire local people. They used to hunt those whales and dolphins, but now they can earn money from tourism and mustn’t kill whales and dolphins. Not many boats are used at the same time so these animals aren't disturbed. The boat companies also work to educate the local schools about the importance of protecting these wonderful animals.

Helen from England I am glad they are not killing the whales and dolphins any more, but the cars and boats use fuel(燃料) which could cause pollution and make the sea dirtier.

Well, what do you think? Thousands of people visit the Forbidden City or the Great Wall of China every year. Do you think that's a good thing, or do you feel that China's important tourist attractions can be affected? Are there any ways of sharing your treasures (珍宝) but keeping them in good condition?

小题1:From the first paragraph, backpackers are young people________.

A.visiting historical places in China

B.traveling cheaply with just one bag

C.who love to travel and see the world alone

D.who love to buy local things as souvenirs小题2:What can't you do when you take an ecotourism?

A.Come close to nature in the holiday carefully.

B.Protect the living things in the area.

C.Be careful not to destroy the nature beauty.

D.Keep the local people unhappy.小题3:Sharon, Xavier, Jane and Helen think the tours are helpful EXCEPT________.

A.the hotel and the companies hire local people to help them earn money

B.local people used to hunt and kill whales and dolphins but now they don't

C.not many boats are used at the same time so animals aren't disturbed

D.the cars and boats use fuel to cause pollution and make the sea dirtier小题4:According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?

A.It's a cheap and popular way to travel and see the world as a backpacker.

B.We believe an ecotourism can greatly protect the nature beauty and living things.

C.China's tourist attractions can be protected because of being visited by tourists.

D.We’d better find good ways to share our treasures and keep them good.

多项选择题