问题 综合

(2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试-四川灾区卷,文综,39-(3)(4))

阅读分析资料,结合所学知识,完成下列各题。

黄河源出巴颜喀拉山,于山东垦利县境入海。其干流全长5464千米,流域面积75平方千米。黄河养育着中 * * ,黄河流域是中华文明的发源地之一。

材料一

黄河是中国历史上决口、改道最多的河流。春秋以前,黄河下游流经河北平原入海,河道无所约束,漫流改徙无定,时常多股河道并存。战国时期,黄河下游两岸筑堤,河道逐渐固定。由于中游植被破坏,水土流失严重,“河水浊重,号为一石水而六斗泥”。汉文帝时黄河下游出现大规模决口。东汉初年,王景治河,随地势高低,截弯取直,修筑堤防,开辟了一条新的河道。其后,北方游牧民族人居黄河中游,大片土地由耕转牧,水土流失相对减缓。至唐末,800年间黄河下游河道相对稳定。

北宋初年,随着黄河下游河道逐渐淤高,出现悬河,“高民屋殆逾丈”。1128年,宋东京留守杜充为阻止金兵南下,于李固渡扒开河堤。黄河决口,东经豫东北、鲁西南地区,汇为入淮。此后七百多年间,黄河不再进入河北平原,夺淮入海,多次决口、改道,改变了黄淮平原的原有水系。水患遍及黄淮平原,洪水吞没大片土地,夺去千百万人的生命和财产。洪水过后形成的许多沙丘和沙坡,吞噬大量农田、房屋,淤没城市,淤塞运河,阻塞交通。明清时期,黄淮平原“农业生产日趋衰落,成为全国贫困地区之一”。

——摘编自邹逸磷《中国历史地理概论》

(1)据《河防一览》记载,黄河平时“沙居其六”,伏汛时“水居其二”,试说明原因。

(2)自开封以下的黄河河段向东北流入渤海,与南下夺淮入海相比会新增一种水患。指出该水患的名称并说明其发生的季节与原因。

答案

(1)汛期:黄河补给以降雨为主,(此时)降雨的强度大(降雨集中),冲刷(水土流失)强烈,泥沙含量大。

平时(伏汛以外):降雨较少,地下水补给河流比重加大,泥沙量较少。

(2)凌汛(冰凌洪灾)。

季节:冬初(入冬)与初春(开春);

原因:河流自南向北流,就是较温暖地区向较冷地区流,冬初下游已冻结,上游未冻:初春上游己解冻但下游尚冻结。(此两种情况下)上游的河水(与冰块)望塞河道可导致溃堤(形成危害)。

黄河是我们中 * * 的母亲河,近几年各省市的高考有多次考及。其重要性可见一斑。(1)伏汛时“水居其二”,是指黄河在汛期,泥沙较多,这与黄河中游的水土流失有直接原因;平时“沙居其六”,是指黄河在枯水期,随着水量减少,河流中的泥沙含量也大大减少。(2)黄河的纬度位置决定了其有结冰期,如果向东北流则是有低纬度流向高纬度,以上两个条件恰好是凌汛形成的必要条件。所以黄河向东北流入渤海,可能会有凌汛。凌汛一般发生在河流刚结冰的时期(冬初)和河冰刚要融化的时期(初春),这个时候上游的河水与碎冰易堵塞河道,可导致溃堤,造成凌汛。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Robert Spring, a 19th century forger (伪造者), was so good at his profession that he was able to make

his living for 15 years by selling false signatures of Americans. Spring was born in England in 1813 and arrived

in Philadelphia in 1858 to open a bookstore. At first he became rich by selling his small but real collection of

early U.S. autographs (手稿). Discovering his ability at copying handwriting, he began imitating signatures of

George Washington and Ben Franklin and writing them on the title pages of old books. To lessen the chance

of detection (察觉), he sent his forgeries to England and Canada for sale.   

      Forgers have a hard time selling their products. A forger can't deal with a respectable buyer but people

who don't have much knowledge in the field. Forgers have many ways to make their work look real. For

example, they buy old books to use the aged paper of the title page, and they can treat paper and ink with

chemicals.   

      In Spring's time right after the Civil War, Britain was still fond of the Southern states, so Spring invented

a respectable maiden lady known as Miss Fanny Jackson, the only daughter of General "Stonewall" Jackson.

For several years Miss Fanny's financial problems forced her to sell a great number of letters and manuscripts

(手稿). Spring had to work very hard to satisfy the demand. All this activity did not prevent Spring from dying

in poverty, leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his forgeries from the originals.

1. Why did Spring sell his false autographs in England and Canada? [ ]

A. There was a greater demand there than in America.   

B. There was less chance of being detected there.   

C. Britain was Spring's birthplace.   

D. The prices were higher in England and Canada.

2. After the Civil War, there was a great demand in Britain for _____. [ ]

A. Southern money   

B. Signatures of George Washington and Ben Franklin   

C. Southern manuscripts and letters   

D. Civil War battle plans

3. According to the passage, forgeries are usually sold to _____. [ ]

A. sharp-eyed experts      

B. persons who aren't experts   

C. book dealers         

D. owners of old books

4. Who was Miss Fanny Jackson? [ ]

A. The only daughter of General "Stonewall" Jackson.   

B. A little - known girl who sold her father's papers to Robert Spring.   

C. Robert Spring's daughter.   

D. An imaginary person created by Spring.

多项选择题