问题 问答题

(1)为了用弹簧测力计测定两木块A和B间的动摩擦因数μ,甲、乙两同学分别设计了如图所示的实验方案.

①为了用某一弹簧测力计的示数表示A和B之间的滑动摩擦力大小,你认为方案______更易于操作.

②若A和B的重力分别为100N和150N,当甲中A被拉动时,弹簧测力计a示数为60N,b示数为110N,则A、B间的动摩擦因数为______.

(2)为了测量两张纸之间的动摩擦因数,某同学设计了一个实验:如图所示,在铁块A和木板B上贴上待测的纸,B板水平固定,沙桶通过细线与A相连,调节小沙桶C中沙的多少,使A做匀速向左直线运动,测出沙桶和沙的总质量m以及贴纸的铁块A

的质量M,则可求出两张纸之间的动摩擦因数μ=

m
M
.回答下列问题:

①该同学把纸贴在木块上而不直接测量两张纸间的滑动摩擦力,其原因是______.

②在实际操作中,发现要保证铁块A做匀速直线运动比较困难,你能对这个实验作出改进来解决这一困难吗?(可根据自己设计的实验方案添加实验器材).

(3)观察沙堆的形成过程可以发现:由漏斗落下的细沙总是在地面上形成一个小圆锥体,继续下落时,细沙沿圆锥体表面下滑,当圆锥体的母线与底面夹角达到一定角度时,细沙不再下滑,如此周而复始,使圆锥体不断增大,如图所示.由此,我们得出

结论,沙堆的形成与沙粒之间的动摩擦因数有关.若仅给一把皮尺,要测定沙粒之间的动摩擦因数(假定最大静摩擦力等于滑动摩擦力),回答下列所给的问题:

①必须测定的物理量是______.

②动摩擦因数与这些物理量的关系是______.

答案

(1)①由图示实验可知,甲方案中拉动物体A,不需要控制物体A做匀速直线运动,且弹簧测力计静止,便于弹簧测力计读数;

乙方案中用弹簧测力计拉动A,需要控制A做匀速直线运动,难于控制A做匀速直线运动,另一当面弹簧测力计是运动的,难于准确读数,因此甲方案更易于操作.

②由题意可知,在甲方案中,两物体接触面受到的压力等于B的重力,即N=150N,弹簧测力计a的示数等于两物体接触面间摩擦力的大小,即f=60N.

由公式f=μN得,动摩擦因素μ=

f
N
=
60N
150N
=0.4.

(2)①因为一张纸的重力太小,两张纸间的滑动摩擦力太小,不便于进行实验,把纸带贴在木块与木板上,增大了纸间的压力,增大了摩擦力,易于进行实验,便于测出摩擦力,所以要把纸贴在木块A和木板B上进行实验.

②实验中需要再添加一个弹簧测力计,如图所示,用弹簧测力计把木块A固定在竖直墙壁上,用沙桶拉动木板B运动,读出弹簧测力计的示数F,AB间的滑动摩擦力f=F,f=μFN=μMg,则动摩擦因数μ=

f
Mg
=
F
Mg

(3)取侧面的一粒沙作为研究对象,其受力情况如图所示.                                                              

设圆锥的高为H、底面半径为R、底面周长为S,据平衡条件,有                    

mgsinθ=Ff         ①

FN=mgcosθ        ②

Ff=μFN            ③

解得μ=tanθ

根据几何关系,有tanθ=

H
R
  ④

S=2πR  ⑤

由以上解得:μ=

2πH
S
,由此可知,需要测量沙堆的高度H与沙堆的地面周长S..

故答案为:(1)①甲;②0.4.

(2)①可增大正压力从而增大摩擦力,便于测量.

②需要添加弹簧测力计,实验装置如图所示;μ=

F
Mg

(3)①测量沙堆的高度H和沙堆的底面周长s;②μ=

2πH
S

阅读理解

I recently turned fifty,which is young for a tree,midlife for an elephant,and ancient for a sportsman.Fifty is a nice number for the states in the US or for a national speed limit,but it is not a number that I was prepared to have hung on me.Fifty is supposed to be my father’s age,but now I am stuck with this number and everything it means.

A few days ago,a friend tried to cheer me up by saying,“Fifty is what forty used to be.”He had made an inspirational point.Am I over the hill?People keep telling me that the hill has been moved,and I keep telling them that the high-jump bar has dropped from the six feet I once easily cleared to the four feet that is impossible for me now.

“You’re not getting older,you’re getting better,”says Dr.Joyce Brothers.This,however,is the kind of doctor who inspires a second opinion.

And so,as I approach the day when I cannot even jump over the tennis net,I am moved to share some thoughts on aging with you.I am moved to show how aging feels to me physically and mentally.Getting older,of course,is obviously a better change than the one that brings you eulogies(悼词).In fact,a poet named Robert Browning considered it the best change of all:

Grow old along with me!

The best is yet to be.

Whether or not Browning was right,most of my first fifty years have been golden ones,so I will settle for what is ahead being as good as what has gone by.I find myself moving toward what is ahead with a curious blend(混合)of both fighting and accepting my aging,hoping that the philosopher(哲学家)was right when he said.“Old is always fifteen years from now.”

小题1:The author seems to tell us in Paragraph 1 that         .

A.time alone will tell

B.time goes by quickly

C.time will show what is right

D.time makes one forget the past小题2:When the author turned fifty,people around him         .

A.tried to comfort him

B.got inspirations from him

C.were friendlier with him

D.found him more talkative小题3:The author considers his fifty years of life         .

A.peaceful

B.ordinary

C.satisfactory

D.regretful小题4:We can infer from the passage that         .

A.the old should lead a simple life

B.the old should face the fact of aging

C.the old should take more exercise

D.the old should fill themselves with curiosity

多项选择题