问题 填空题

海洋为我们提供了丰富的资源,二十一世纪是海洋开发与利用的世纪,请围绕“海洋”这个话题回答以下问题:

(1)下图1是我们从海水中提取镁的流程图:

①上述一系列转化过程中,属于中和反应的是                          (用化学方程式表示)

②海水制镁过程中对于如何富集镁离子,甲、乙、丙三位同学各自提出自己的设想:

甲:直接往海水中加入石灰乳.

乙:高温加热蒸发海水后,加入石灰乳.

丙:向晒盐后的卤水中,加入石灰乳.

通过分析比较,你认为    的设想最为经济合理(选填“甲”、“乙”或“丙”).

(2)关于海水“制碱”中得到的“碱”的成分,甲同学认为是氢氧化钠,乙同学认为是碳酸钠,为确定其成分,甲、乙同学各做了以下两个实验:

①甲向“碱”溶液中加入酚酞,观察到酚酞变红,于是认为“碱”是氢氧化钠.

②乙向“碱”溶液中加入氢氧化钙溶液,产生白色沉淀,于是认为“碱”是碳酸钠.

你同意    (填甲或乙)同学的观点,请指出另一个同学实验设计的不合理之处                      

(3)从海水晒盐留下的“苦卤”中加工得到不纯的硫酸镁晶体,其中含有少量氯化钠,根据溶解度曲线图2回答下列问题:

①t1℃时,等质量的水中最多溶解的硫酸镁质量    (填大于、小于或等于)最多溶解的氯化钠的质量.

②t2℃时,向50克水中加入50克硫酸镁,所得溶液的溶质质量分数是      

③要除去少量的氯化钠,得到较纯净的硫酸镁,可采用的方法是        

A.过滤

B.蒸干水分

C.将t2℃硫酸镁的饱和溶液升温,析出晶体后过滤.

答案

(1)①Mg(OH)2+2HCl═MgCl2+2H2O;②丙;

(2)乙;碳酸钠溶液也呈碱性,可以使酚酞变红;

(3)①等于.②37.5%;③C.

题目分析:(1)①分析图1中的实验流程可以知道,属于中和反应的为氢氧化镁和稀盐酸的反应,该反应生成了氯化镁和水,其化学方程式为:Mg(OH)2+2HCl═MgCl2+2H2O。

②三种方式中甲需要大量的石灰乳,乙则需要加热消耗能量,只有丙的方式中由于水分的蒸发,而能够节约原料和能源,所以丙同学的方案最可行。

(2)碳酸钠溶液也呈碱性,可以使酚酞变红,所以不能根据酚酞变红就判定为氢氧化钠,即乙同学的操作正确。

(3)①比较图2中的溶解度曲线可以知道t1℃时,氯化钠和硫酸镁的溶解度相等,所以该温度下等质量的水中最多溶解的硫酸镁质量等于最多溶解的氯化钠的质量。

②t2℃时,硫酸镁的溶解度为60g,根据溶解度的定义可以知道,向50克水中加入50克硫酸镁,只能溶解30g,所以所得溶液的溶质质量分数是:×100%=37.5%。

③分析图中曲线可以知道t2℃后,硫酸镁的溶解度随温度升高而降低,而氯化钠的溶解度随温度升高而升高,所以要提纯硫酸镁可以将t2℃硫酸镁的饱和溶液升温,析出晶体后过滤即得较为纯净的硫酸镁,故选C。

问答题
单项选择题

When Dr. John W. Gofman, professor of medical physics at the University of California and a leading nuclear critic, speaks of "ecocide" in his adversary view of nuclear technology, he means the following. A large nuclear plant like that in Kalkar, the Netherlands, would produce about 200 pounds of plutonium each year. One pound, released into the atmosphere, could cause 9 billion cases of lung cancer. This waste product must be stored for 500,000 years before it is of no further danger to man. In the anticipated reactor economy, it is estimated that there will be 10,000 tons of this material in Western Europe, of which one table-spoonful of plutonium-239 represents the official maximum permissible body burden for 200,000 people. Rather than being biodegradable, plutonium destroys biological properties.

In 1972 the .U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ruled that the asbestos level in the work place should be lowered to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, but the effective date of the ruling has been delayed until now. The International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions report that the 2-fiber standard was based primarily on one study of 290 men at a British asbestos factory. But when the workers at the British factory had been reexamined by another physician, 40--70 percent had X-ray evidence of lung abnormalities. According to present medical information at the factory in question, out of a total of 29 deaths thus far, seven were caused by lung cancer. An average European or American worker comes into contact with six million fibers a day. "We are now, in fact, finding cancer deaths within the family of the asbestos worker," states Dr. Irving Selikoff, of the Mount Sinai Medical School in New York.

It is now also clear that vinyl chloride, a gas from which the most widely used plastics are made, causes a fatal cancer of the blood-vessel cells of the liver. However, the history of the research on vinyl chloride is, in some ways, more disturbing than the "Watergate cover- up. " "There has been evidence of potentially serious disease among polyvinyl chloride workers for 25 years that has been incompletely appreciated and inadequately approached by medical scientists and by regulatory authorities," summed up Dr. Selikoff in the New Scientist. At least 17 workers have been killed by vinyl chloride because research over the past 25 years was not followed up. And for over 10 years, workers have been exposed to concentrations of vinyl chloride 10 times the "safe limit" imposed by Dow Chemical Company.

It can be inferred from the text that the author believes that()

A. nationwide application of anti-pollution devices can finally prevent cancer

B. tough legislation is needed to set lower limits of worker exposure to harmful chemicals

C. more research is required into the causes of cancer before further progress can be made

D. industrialization must be slowed down to prevent further spread of cancer-causing agents