问题 问答题

为确定某碳酸钠样品(只含有少量硫酸钠杂质)中所含碳酸钠的质量分数,可进行如下实验:称取样品100.0克,加水溶解,在该溶液中加入过量的盐酸使溶液呈明显的酸性,再加入过量氯化钡溶液,过滤、洗涤沉淀,并将沉淀烘干,称量沉淀,其质量为12.50克.

请回答:

(1)溶液用盐酸酸化的原因是______

(2)氯化钡溶液需要过量的原因是______

(3)判断氯化钡是否已过量的方法是______

(4)计算样品中含Na2CO3的质量分数.

答案

(1)碳酸钠和硫酸钠都可以和氯化钡溶液反应生成白色的沉淀,但是碳酸钡可以溶于稀盐酸,而硫酸钡不溶于酸,即在酸性的环境中不能形成碳酸钡沉淀,所以为了防止碳酸根离子干扰实验现象,要加入稀盐酸来酸化;

(2)加入过量的碳酸钡为了将溶液中的硫酸根离子全部转化为沉淀,以使结果更准确;(3)如果加入的氯化钡是过量的则在滤液中依然存在着钡离子,那么若要验证滤液中是否含有钡离子,可以向滤液中加入硫酸钠,看是否能够产生沉淀,如果产生了沉淀,说明氯化钡是过量的,如果没有白色沉淀产生则说明氯化钡不是过量的;

(4)设硫酸钠的质量为x

BaCl2+Na2SO4═2NaCl+BaSO4

142 233

x12.50g

142
x
=
233
12.50g

解得:x=7.62g;

所以碳酸钠的质量分数为:

100.0g-7.62g
100.0g
×100%=92.39%

故答案为:(1)除去CO

2-3
,防止BaCO3沉淀生成;

(2)保证将SO

2-4
完全转化为BaSO4沉淀;

(3)向滤液中加入硫酸钠,如果产生沉淀则说明氯化钡是过量的,反之则不是过量的;

(4)92.39%.

名词解释
填空题

Crash-Prone The Solution Could Be Windows XP;
But does It Make Sense to Upgrade Your Operating System


You can hardly turn on the television or click on a Web page without seeing a colorful ad for Microsoft’s new Windows XP operating system, which launched on Oct. 25.
So, now that the long-awaited XP is here, what are you going to do about it Should you upgrade, and if you do, how hard is it and what are the potential drawbacks The decision is pretty easy if you really need a whole new Windows PC. They all come with XP preloaded, and in my tests of a few such models, they seemed to work well. I’m writing this on my own new personal computer, a Dell that came preloaded with Windows XP, and it worked great right out of the box.
The only downside is that if you’re keeping older printers, scanners and other peripherals, you may have to download new "drivers" — the small programs that allow a PC and a peripheral to interact. XP contains many of the drivers for recent-model printers and the like, sparing you from even digging out the disks that came with them. But if you have older equipment, you may have to download new drivers, because the original software that came with the hardware might not work with Windows XP.
It’s harder to decide what to do about XP if you have a PC that doesn’t need replacing. If you’re happy with the way things are working, don’t upgrade. It’s never a trivial thing to change operating systems, and you shouldn’t do it without a reason.
However, there are two big limitations in prior versions of Windows that XP does fix, and that might make an upgrade worthwhile. These are stability — that is, the ability not to crash, or at least to do so rarely — and compatibility. Windows 98 and Windows ME, the previous consumer versions, had wide compatibility with consumer software and peripherals, but lousy stability. Windows 2000, the prior business version, had great stability, but limited compatibility with consumer software and add-on hardware.
Windows XP is designed to combine the stability of Windows 2000 (with which it shares underlying code) with the compatibility of Windows 98 and Windows ME, and in my experience, it does a good job at that. So if you need more reliability or compatibility than your current version of Windows supplies, an upgrade may be in order.
But there’s a catch. Microsoft says that an XP upgrade will really be sensible only if your PC is two years old or less — built after 1999. And you need at least a 300MHz processor and 128 megabytes of memory, though I recommend at least 192MB, and 256MB is even better. Also, you’ll need a roomy hard disk — Windows XP alone will suck up 1.5 gigabytes.
So there are only a limited number of PCs for which upgrading makes sense, and you may have to invest in beefing yours up first.
Not only that, but you must have Windows 98, Windows ME or Windows 2000 on your current system to upgrade. If you have Windows 95 and somehow still have a new enough machine to qualify, you have to buy a very expensive, "full" version of Windows XP, basically wipe out your whole hard disk and start from scratch with XP, losing all your installed programs and settings.
If you’re good to go, you next have to decide which upgrade version of XP is right for you — the $99 Home Edition or the $199 Professional. The differences between them are surprisingly small, and 95 percent of home and small-business users will be fine with the home version. Buy the pro version only if you are running more than a modest network or need special security features.
Note that if you have Windows 2000, or NT 4.0, you can upgrade only to Windows XP Professional, not the Home Edition. If you have Windows 98 or ME, you can choose either flavor of XP.
In my tests, which included five PCs running all the main older versions; the Windows XP upgrades, both home and pro, went very smoothly.
The process took about an hour in each case, and the installation software was friendly and clear in its instructions and progress reports.

Windows XP Home Edition is appropriate for ______.
A. all the main older versions of Windows
B. Windows 98 or ME
C. Windows 2000
D. NT4.0