问题 综合题

阅读下列材料(14分)

材料一  此时的宇宙被描述成运动中的物质,受到充满宇宙的无形的力的控制,无论是地面还是天空,这些力可用数学方式表现出来。中世纪那幅封闭的、仅限于地面并以地球为中心的宇宙图景被淘汰了,代之而起的是无限的、受普遍法则制约的新宇宙,地球现在被看作其中的有一颗行星。                                                            

——马文·佩里《西方文明史》

材料二  1905年爱因斯坦发表《论动体的电动力学》,为物理学的发展带来了革命性的变化。爱因斯坦本人成为继牛顿之后最伟大的科学家。为纪念这一成果诞生100周年,2005年被定为“世界物理年”。

材料三 爱因斯坦坚信对希特勒只有用暴力才能遏制,于是他写信给当时的美国总统罗斯福,向他通报核裂变的能力。……美国1945年秋天用两颗原子弹轰炸了日本广岛和长崎,从而结束了世界大战。……爱因斯坦并没有参与开发核武器,当他听到核弹轰炸广岛的消息时,他沮丧地说:“呜呼,哀哉”。他在晚年致力于反对原子武器。

请回答:

1.结合所学知识分析哪些科学家的理论发现促成了“中世纪那幅封闭的、仅限于地面并以地球为中心的宇宙图景被淘汰了”?(2分)材料一中的“普遍法则” 指的是什么?(2分)以该法则为核心的理论体系产生了哪些影响?(4分)

小题2.结合所学知识分析为什么“爱因斯坦成为继牛顿之后最伟大的科学家”?(2分)依据材料三分析爱因斯坦通报核裂变的用意及对研发核武器态度的变化?(2分)

小题3.综合上述三则材料,谈谈你对从事科学研究的态度。(2分)

答案

(1)哥白尼、伽利略、牛顿等;(2分)普遍法则是指万有引力定律;(2分)影响:标志人类科学时代的开始、引发第一次技术革命(工业革命)、为法国启蒙思想奠定科学基础、为唯物主义哲学奠定科学基础等。(2分)

(2)原因:爱因斯坦的相对论理论很大程度上解决了19世纪末出现的经典物理学的危机、极大扩展了物理学应用的领域、描绘了一个崭新的宏观世界、改变了人们看世界的角度和方式、构成现代物理学支柱之一。(4分)

意图:消灭德国法西斯;变化:支持到反对(2分)

(3)敢于挑战权威;勇于追求真理;以人类福祉为最终目的。(2分)

⑴对牛顿力学体系的背景、影响的考查。⑵可结合爱因斯坦的相对论的影响回答;依据材料,注意关键词“变化”。⑶结合材料,强调科研的态度。

阅读理解

In tradition (传统的) education, the teacher may feel that the students are not very grown up. Usually, teachers are older than students, and teachers feel that students are young and do not know much about the world. The teachers feel that they must tell the students what to do most of the time, and that they must also make the students study specific (特殊的) things. In open education, the teacher’s methods are very different. These teachers feel that the students are human beings (人) first, and students second. They expect the students to be responsible for the things that they do, just as adults are. A student’s ideas and feelings are just as important as the teacher’s. The teacher allows the students to decide what they want to do, and does not make them study what they do not want to. The teacher lets them decide what to study and how much to study. It’s very important for the teacher to show how he or she feels about students.

小题1:Which is the topic for the passage?

A.Traditional Education

B.Open Education

C.The Students Are Human Beings First

D.Two Kinds of Different Education小题2:What’s the theory of open education?

A.The students are human beings first, and students second.

B.The students should be responsible for what they do.

C.The students’ ideas and feelings are very important.

D.The teachers should allow the students to do what they want to do.小题3:In traditional education, the teachers consider that __________.

A.they should praise the students all the time

B.they should tell the students what to do all the time

C.the students should know much about the world

D.the students should learn much about the world from their teachers小题4:We can infer (推断) that ____________.

A.students needn’t study as hard as they did before

B.students can learn more about the world in open education

C.most of the teachers don’t agree with the idea of open education

D.most of the students prefer traditional education to open education

问答题 简答题