问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成后面的问题。

欣赏的精神自由

朱以撒

苏东坡在《孙莘老求墨妙亭诗》中有句:“短长肥瘦各有态,玉环飞燕谁敢憎。”除了反映每一位书法家的创作有其个性之外,还有一个欣赏者审美趣味的差异。

世界上没有两片相同的树叶,也不会有全然相同的欣赏。抱朴子说得好:“观听殊好,爱憎难同。”可是,具有独到的审美眼力却是不易的。在许多场合上,欣赏如此陈陈相因,甚至把前人的欣赏定论移过来,代替自己的赏评。如此,欣赏之前要“去蔽”则不是庸人自扰。

千百年来,一些名作历经欣赏,结论充栋宇而汗牛马,给后人形成定势,无形中成不二法门,影响和约束着不同见解的展开,以至欣赏循旧辙而无新意。其次,名流效应也给人以消极的影响。每每欣赏作品,先关注书者名姓:啊,名流所书,笔下绝对精品。有人就对我说中国书法家协会 * * 的书法是最好的,理由是:“如果不是最好为何让他当 * * ?为何不让你当?”这类欣赏观的失误,在于它针对一个人的职务,而忘记了应该针对他的作品——只有面对作品才是可靠的。应当坚决粉碎这种名流观、职务观。当我们欣赏秦简、汉简时,那些寻常巷陌人家、守境戍边兵士、无名百姓留下的作品,营造了一个个美妙的空间,并不逊色于同时期名家的小篆和隶书。对欣赏者而言,寻常心态,有助于欣赏本真的韵致,摒去那些虚幻的、浮夸的表相。

狭隘的欣赏也是需要抵御的。欣赏过程形成的积弊、陋习,使欣赏受到局限,格局狭小,浮薄相扇。譬如地域审美的局限,南朝偏安江南,高谈玄理,品第风流,登山临水,流连诗酒,耳闻丝竹管弦雅乐艳歌,目遇山清水秀鸟语花香,对北朝苍茫刚硬棱角毕露的书风未免不适。而北朝人在朔漠苍凉胡马嘶风中,感受够了劳作艰辛悲笳动月的粗犷浑厚,也认为南朝书风软媚轻滑。欣赏缺乏兼容的胸襟与视野,走入极端,就成了畸形欣赏、难以转捩的不健康欣赏观。如果持这种欣赏观的人同时又拥有评判权柄,则害莫大焉。“专己守残,党同门,妒道真”,这是古人早已批评过的。

只有作品对欣赏产生作用,而不是名气、职务这些附加的方面。从作品欣赏出发,不同的见解都是正常的。或者说,优秀的书法作品都是多义的,可资不同角度、层面的欣赏。晋人卫铄认为“多力丰筋者圣”,杜甫则认为“书贵瘦硬方通神”。萧衍称王羲之书“如龙跃天门,虎卧凤阙”,韩愈则认为“羲之俗书趁姿媚”,都显示了不同的审美见解,也给后人营造了一个思考的空间。而那种把书法欣赏从审美范畴拖曳出来,纳入道德伦理空间,所谓“人品高,书品亦高;人品低,书品亦低”的欣赏,既简单又粗暴,更达不到欣赏真谛。

生存论的本体把审美视为人的精神生存方式之一。我认为最重要的,是欣赏者自身精神的自由。

(选自2005年7月22日《光明日报》,有删改)

小题1:下列表述,不符合原文意思的一项是(3分)

A.欣赏之前要“去蔽”是指事前不应接触相关的欣赏定论,以免影响自己独立的欣赏趣味。

B.让具有地域审美局限的人拥有评判权柄,对艺术欣赏来说害莫大焉。

C.所谓“作品对欣赏产生作用”是说欣赏者从作品本身出发,获得个性的审美体验。

D.要得欣赏真谛,就不应把书法纳入道德范畴,以人品论书品。小题2:下列各项中,不属于“欣赏同样的书法艺术作品产生差异”的原因的一项是(3分)

A.优秀的书法作品是多义的,可资不同角度,层面欣赏。

B.对作品的欣赏长期以来形成了诸多的流派。

C.欣赏者审美趣味有差异。

D.一些名作历经欣赏,结论卷帙浩繁,已成不二法门。小题3:本文提及的“精神自由”的含义是什么?(3分)

答案

小题1:A

小题2:D

小题3:①对自身的审美趣味、审美眼力有自信。(不受前人定论、狭隘欣赏观束缚。)②欣赏活动只从审美对象出发(或:欣赏活动只针对审美对象)。(不受名流效应、作者职务、非审美因素的干预。)(答对一点给2分,两点给3分)

小题1:

题目分析: A项反对“陈陈相因,甚至把前人的欣赏定论移过来,代替自己的赏评”,不等于“不应接触相关的欣赏定论”

小题2:

题目分析: D项说的是“欣赏循旧辙而无新意”的原因,而并不是“欣赏同样的书法艺术作品产生差异”的原因。

小题3:

题目分析: 从文中可知,作者反对两种艺术欣赏观:一、已形成的一些欣赏结论,影响着后人的欣赏角度,使后人缺乏欣赏的新意,给后人的欣赏形成一个定式。二、形成狭隘的欣赏,让名气、职务这些附加的方面影响到欣赏者的欣赏。作者提出来的“精神自由”即从这两个方面对立面来欣赏。

阅读理解

A world-famous Canadian author, Margaret Atwood, has created the world’s first long-distance signing device(装置), the LongPen.

After many tiring……from city to city, Atwood thought there must be a better way to do them . She hired some technical experts and started her own company in 2004. Together they designed the LongPen. Here’s how it works: The author writes a personal message and signature on a computer tablet(手写板) using a special pen. On the receiving end, in another city, a robotic arm fitted with a regular pen signs the book. The author and fan can talk with each other via webcams(网络摄像机) and computer screens。

Work on the LongPen began in Atwood’s basement(地下室). At first, they had no idea it would be as hard as it turned out to be. The device went through several versions, including one that actually had smoke coming out of it. The investing finally completed, teat runs w ere made in Ottawa, and the LongPen was officially launched at the 2006 London Book Fair. From here , Atwood conducted two transatlantic book signings of her latest book for fans in Toronto and New York City.

The LongPen produces a unique signature each time because it copies the movement of the author in real time. It has several other potential applications. It could increase credit card security and allow people to sign contracts from another province. The video exchange between signer and receiver can be recorded on DVD for proof when legal documents are used.

“It’s really fun”, said the owner of a bookstore, who was present for one of the test runs. “Obviously you can’t shake hands with the author but there are chances for a connection that you don’t get from a regular book signing..

The response to the invention has not been all favorable. Atwood has received criticism from authors who think she is trying to end book tours. But she said, “It will be possible to go to places that you never got sent to before because the publishers couldn’t  afford it.”

小题1:Why did Atwood decide to invent the LongPen?

A. To set up her own company

B. To win herself greater popularity

C. To write her books in a new way

C. To make book signings less tiring

小题2:How does the LongPen work?

A.I copies the author’s signature and prints it on a book.

B.It signs a book while receiving the author’s signature.

C.The webcam sends the author’s signature to another city.

D.The fan uses it to copy the author’s signature himself.小题3:What do we know about the invention of the LongPen?

A.It has been completed but not put into use.

B.The basement caught fire by accident.

C.Some versions failed before its test run.

D.The designers were well-prepared for the difficulty.小题4:How could the LongPen be used in the future?

A.To draft legal documents.

B.To improve credit card security

C.To keep a record of the author’s ideas.

D.To allow author and fan to exchange videos小题5:What could be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6?

A.Atwood doesn’t mean to end book tours.

B.Critics think the LongPen is of little use

C.Bookstore owners do not support the LongPen

D.Publishers dislike the LongPen for its high cost

单项选择题