问题 单项选择题


阅读下面短文,回答下列问题。
当代环境伦理学是一个富有开放性和包容性的新学科,形成了多种理论模式和学说。这些模式、学说既包括现代人类中心主义即浅环境论,也包括非人类中心主义即深环境论,还包括可持续发展环境伦理观。
可持续发展环境伦理观在主张人与自然和谐统一的整体价值观方面与深环境论中的环境整体主义是一致的,不同之处在于可持续发展环境伦理观在强调人与自然和谐统一的基础上,更承认人类对自然的保护作用和道德代理人的责任,以及一定社会中人类行为的环境道德规范。可持续发展环境伦理观对现代人类中心主义和非人类中心主义采取了一种整合的态度。它汲取了生命中心论、生态中心论等非人类中心主义关于“生物、生态具有内在价值”的思想,承认自然不仅具有工具价值,也具有内在价值,但又不把内在价值仅归于自然自身,而是提高为人与自然和谐统一的整体性质。这样,由于人类和自然是一个和谐统一的整体,那么,不仅是人类,还有自然,都应该得到道德关怀。另一方面,可持续发展环境伦理观在人与自然和谐统一整体价值观的基础上,承认现代人类中心主义关于人类所特有的“能动作用”,承认人类在这个统一整体中占有的“道德代理人”和环境管理者的地位。这样,就避免了非人类中心主义在实践中所带来的困难,使之更具有适用性。
承认自然的固有价值和人类的实践能动作用的基础上所形成的人与自然的整体价值观是可持续发展环境伦理观的理论基础。现代生态学和系统科学研究表明,自然界(包括人类社会在内)是一个有机整体,生命系统表现为网络格局,自然界的组成部分,从物种层次、生态系统层次到生物圈层次都是相互联系、相互作用和相互依赖的。任何生物都有内在的目的性,都以其各自的方式在整体生态关系中实现其自身的善。因此,任何生物和自然都拥有其自身的固有价值(固有价值是一种实体为获得自身的善而独立于人类评价者目的的价值)。生物和自然所拥有的固有价值应当使它们享有道德地位并获得道德关怀,成为道德顾客。可持续发展伦理观把道德共同体从人扩大到“人——自然”系统,把道德对象的范围从人类扩大到生物和自然。与此同时,由于只有人类才具有实践的能动性,才具有自觉的道德意识,才能进行道德选择和作出道德决定,所以只有人是道德主体。作为道德代理人的人类,应当珍惜和爱护生物和自然,承认它们在一种自然状态中持续存在的价值。因此,人类具有自觉维护生物和自然的责任。

下列说法不属于可持续发展环境伦理观内容的一项是______。

A.强调人与自然和谐统一的整体价值观,承认自然既有工具价值,也有内在价值

B.认为自然的工具价值和内在价值都应该归于自然本身

C.生物和自然应当享有道德地位并获得道德关怀,成为道德顾客,人类应珍惜、爱护生物和自然

D.承认人类所特有的“能动作用”,人类是道德主体,是自然和生物的道德代理人,是环境管理者

答案

参考答案:B

解析: 原文第二段中说:“但又不把内在价值归于自然自身”。

单项选择题 A1/A2型题
完形填空
完形填空。
                                                                 No More Time Out
     Shawn and Thomas had always been good friends. They lived near each other, and they both loved   1  .
They played baseball, touch football, and kickball. They   2   liked to play soccer, shoot baskets, and
skateboard.
     When they were in the fourth grade, though, Thomas broke his   3   in a soccer game. He had to be on
crutches for six weeks.
     Shawn   4   Thomas, but what was there to do? Shawn didn't like television or computer games. Thomas
didn't like to sit and talk. After trying three times to start a conversation, Shawn   5   up. He said, "I'm out of
here."
     For days, Shawn   6   at home, feeling guilty for not visiting Thomas again. Thomas stayed home, too,
feeling   7   because Shawn wasn't visiting him. After a week, Shawn's mom spoke up. "It's time for you and
Thomas to get back into   8  ! That's why I spoke to Ms McNulty at the library. She has the perfect volunteer
job for you both," she said.
     Shawn said nothing.
     His morn continued, "The library sells used books to raise money. People are always   9   off books in bags
and boxes. Someone has to carry the books to the storage room. Someone has to   10   them into fiction (小说)
and nonfiction. You and Thomas can be a team again."
     "No, we  11 !" said Shawn. "He and I don't want a job." However, Shawn's mom wouldn't  12  no for an
answer.
     Sure enough,  13  the boys began, things changed. Shawn felt strong as he carried bags and boxes through
the library. Sorting books in the storage room, Thomas felt  14  again. In fact, one day Thomas said, "Between
you and me, Shawn, this isn't so  15 ." Shawn smiled and agreed. They were a good team.
( )1.A. books   
( )2.A. also    
( )3.A. arm     
( )4.A. phoned  
( )5.A. gave    
( )6.A. talked  
( )7.A. tired   
( )8.A. effort  
( )9.A. dropping
( )10.A. pack   
( )11.A. mustn't
( )12.A. choose 
( )13.A. because
( )14.A. relaxed
( )15.A. hard   
 B. sports     
B. only      
B. hand    
B. invited     
B. cheered    
B. stayed     
B. afraid    
B. duty       
B. bringing   
B. lead      
B. can't      
B. keep      
B. once      
B. lucky     
B. fair    
C. movies    
C. perhaps  
C. nose   
C. visited    
C. turned  
C. called     
C. weak   
C. choice     
C. showing   
C. sort     
C. mightn't  
C. take      
C. if       
C. useful   
C. simple 
D. arts        
D. soon        
D. leg       
D. checked     
D. hurried   
D. waited       
D. angry    
D. action       
D. knocking                 
D. turn      
D. shouldn't   
D. allow       
D. although   
D. special   
D. bad