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问题 多项选择题

陈大爷退休之后，感觉无所事事，整天在家看电视，与旧同事的联络也很少。最近发现视力下降后，陈大爷更少出门，只是到附近的菜市场购买食物和日用品．根据社会心理学理论，陈大爷面对的主要挑战包括（）。

A.无用感

B.人际关系退化

C.自我整合

D.生活意义下降

E.认知能力下降

答案

参考答案：A, B, E

解析：老年阶段面临的主要问题包括：①退出就业领域可能产生的无用感；②经济收入减少会产生生活上的困难；③退出社会生活的主要领域会使人际关系淡化，进而产生孤独感；④老年疾病增加，使老年人身心受到折磨；⑤面对疾病和死亡产生的无奈和恐惧感。

单项选择题

关于煮沸消毒法，下列哪项是错误的（）

A.煮沸100℃5分钟可杀死细菌繁殖体

B.可用于一般外科手术器械、注射器、针头的消毒

C.水中加入1％～2％碳酸氢钠，可提高沸点到105℃

D.常用于食具消毒

E.不足以杀死所有细菌
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单项选择题

Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable.Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group’’s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual’’s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regu lates the manner in which deviants are treated.

Social control refers to processes by which________.

A．norms are developed

B．norms are enforced

C．people are educated and trained

D．people are rewarded and punished
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