问题 问答题

[说明]

通常计算机按其体系结构分为冯·诺依曼(Von Neumann)结构和哈佛(Harvard)结构。冯·诺依曼结构,也称普林斯顿结构,是一种将程序指令存储器和数据存储器合并在一起的存储器结构。哈佛结构是一种将程序指令存储和数据存储分开的存储器结构。复杂系统的不同处理器可采用不同类型体系结构。

某嵌入式系统由数据处理模块、信号处理模块和光纤网络交换模块组成,如图1-1所示。其中数据处理模块的主处理器选用PPC7447,内部集成了二级Cache,并有SDAM存储器、FLASH、NvRAM、实时时钟、FC(Fabric Channel)通信接口、以太网接口和RS232接口;信号处理模块采用DSP TMS320C6000,并有FC通信接口、RS232接口,用于SPM与外部数据通信;光纤网络交换模块提供FC协议交换能力,主要由控制单元和交换单元两部分组成。

本嵌入式系统的数据处理模块主要接收外部命令、控制系统运行、与系统其他模块通信;信号处理模块主要进行图形图像处理,需要较大的运算量和较高的运算速度。

回答下列问题,将答案填写在对应的栏目中。

 

嵌入式系统底层FC通信驱动对大数据采用DNA数据传输。图1-2是未完成的DNA数据传输工作流程图,请从下面①~⑧中选择正确答案,完成改图,将答案填写在答题纸的对应栏中。

答案

参考答案:

(1)DMA响应,或③

(2)发送内存地址,或⑤

(3)字计数器计数,或①

(4)传送结束,或⑦

解析:

DMA是所有现代计算机系统中的重要特色,该工作方式允许不同速度的硬件装置来沟通,而不需要依赖于CPU的大量中断负载。否则,CPU需要从来源把每一片段的资料复制到暂存器,然后将这新信息再次写回到新的地方。在这个时间中,CPU对于其他的工作来说就无法使用。DMA传输将一个内存区从一个装置复制到另外一个。CPU初始化这个传输动作,传输动作本身是由DMA控制器来实行和完成。典型的例子就是移动一个外部内存的区块到芯片内部更快的内存去。像是这样的操作并没有让处理器工作拖延,反而可以被重新安排去处理其他的工作。DMA传输对于高效能嵌入式系统算法和网络是很重要的。

一个完整的DMA传输过程必须经过下面的4个步骤:

第1步是DMA请求。CPU对DMA控制器进行初始化,并向I/O接口发出操作命令,I/O接口提出DMA请求。

第2步是DMA响应。DMA控制器对DMA请求判别优先级及屏蔽,向总线裁决逻辑提出总线请求。当CPU执行完当前总线周期即可释放总线控制权。此时,总线裁决逻辑输出总线应答,表示DMA已经响应,通过DMA控制器通知I/O接口开始DMA传输。

第3步是DMA传输。DMA控制器获得总线控制权后,CPU即刻挂起或只执行内部操作,由DMA控制器输出读写命令,直接控制RAM与I/O接口进行DMA传输。在DMA控制器的控制下,在存储器和外部设备之间直接进行数据传送,在传送过程中不需要中央处理器的参与。开始时需提供要传送的数据的起始位置和数据长度。

第4步是DMA结束。当完成规定的成批数据传送后,DMA控制器即释放总线控制权,并向I/O接口发出结束信号。当I/O接口收到结束信号后,一方面停止I/O设备的工作,另一方面向CPU提出中断请求,使CPU从不介入的状态解脱,并执行一段检查本次DMA传输操作正确性的代码。最后,带着本次操作结果及状态继续执行原来的程序。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

      Ann loves the underground (地铁) in London. She always prefers to travel on the underground

because it is fast. She doesn't find it difficult now, as she has got used to (逐渐习惯) it. Ann knows

the underground map very well. Each line has its own color. For example, the Central Line (主干线)

is red, the Piccadilly Line (皮凯德里干线) is blue, and so on. Londoners always call the underground

"the tube" (meaning "underground") When you see the long tunnels (隧道) under ground, it isn't hard

to understand why. Yesterday Ann went home on the underground at about five o'clock in the afternoon.

She got a surprise. Since everyone was going home from work, the train was full.

      This was the "rush-hour", and it was a new experience (经历) for Ann. There were a lot of people,

but trains came every minute. Everyone waited and didn't push. As the train was full, Ann had to stand,

but she didn't mind. In the train she saw a sign. It said: "Keep away from the Rush Hour." "I will, next

time." Ann thought.

1. Travelling in London _______.

A.Ann prefers the underground to buses

B. Ann prefers buses to the underground

C. Ann prefers bike to the underground

D. Ann prefers to walk under ground

2. It's easy for Ann to take London's underground because _______.

A.she lives near the underground in London.

B. she has a good knowledge of the underground map

C. each line has its own color.

D. there are signs everywhere in London

3. Why do Londoners call the underground "the tube"?

A. Because Londoners like to use the tubes?

B. Because London's underground has too many lines.

C. Because Londoners think the underground looks like the tube

D. Because London's underground is straight and long

4. The"rush hour" here means _______.

A. 冲刺时间

B. 忙碌时间

C. 高峰时间

D. 休闲时间

5. Ann decides _______.

A. that she will take a bus instead next time

B. that she will no longer take London's underground

C. to take the underground at this time next time

D. not to take the underground at this time next time

判断题