问题 选择题

以下说法正确的是(  )

A.在国际单位制中,力学的基本单位是千克、牛顿、秒

B.爱因斯坦质能方程为E=mc2,对宏观低速运动的物体不成立

C.奥斯特发现了电流的磁效应,拉开了研究电与磁相互关系的序幕

D.牛顿通过理想斜面实验否定了“力是维持物体运动的原因”,用到的物理思想方法属于“理想实验”法

答案

答案:C

题目分析:在国际单位制中,力学的基本单位是千克、米、秒,所以A错误;爱因斯坦质能方程为E=mc2,对宏观低速运动的物体也是成立,所以B错误;奥斯特发现了电流的磁效应,拉开了研究电与磁相互关系的序幕,故C正确;伽利略通过理想斜面实验否定了“力是维持物体运动的原因”,用到的物理思想方法属于“理想实验”法,所以D错误。

单项选择题

阅读下面文字,完成下列各题。

科学劳动是社会劳动的一般劳动。这种劳动,既取决于今人的协作,又取决于前人的劳动成果。不论古人的还是今人的劳动成果,都表现为一定形式的知识(如图书和情报)。这些知识在进入新的科学劳动中,都是以科学劳动资料的形式出现的。科学家的创造力只有得到科学资料,才能进行创造性劳动,就像“活劳动”只有抓住“死劳动”,才能进行物质劳动一样。知识作为科学劳动资料具有极为特殊的使用价值。

任何物质产品,都会因消费而消失,而知识却在“消费”中永生。任何物质产品交换中都会因为“给了别人,自己就没有了”,而知识却在交流中“给了别人,自己仍然有”。物质产品的消费往往是以其载体灭亡,其信息的毁灭性消费方法进行的,而知识的“消费”过程则不会亡其载体、灭其信息,而是从不同的载体上不断转移,或者由非生命载体向生命载体转移,或者是由生命载体向非生命载体转移。

物质产品的主要属性,在生产它的过程中便一次性地确定下来。牙膏对于消费者来说主要是清洁牙齿,保护口腔;衣服对消费者来说,主要是保暖身体美化生活。但是知识不然,同是一种知识,对于不同知识结构的“消费者”来说,用场各不相同。同一种无线电知识,家庭主妇的“消费”,仅在于开关电视机;工程师的“消费”,表现为从微电子学的观点,探索改进工艺的途径;科学家的“消费”则表现为使用奇妙的微分方程获得电脑的最新理论。可见,知识的使用价值,表现出明显的多层次现象……

正因为知识的使用价值的再生性,这便带来知识使用价值的第四个特征:馈赠性。知识像一切社会生产力一样,表现了自然的巨大的馈赠性。社会只要把知识生产出来,就无须再费分文了。比如,我们今天利用牛顿定律,无须向英国交税。知识是全人类共同的财富,是大家共享的特殊资源,向自然索取馈赠,最关键是向知识索取馈赠。我们今天建设四个现代化,必须充分利用知识在使用价值上的馈赠性。

文中的“非生命载体”所指的具体内容是什么?()

A.实验资料

B.人的创造力

C.书籍资料

D.物质条件

填空题

[A] A machine has been developed that pulps paper and then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authorities use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable.

[B] Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned to the dairies, washed out, and refilled. But both glass and paper are being threatened by the growing use of plastic. More and more dairies are experimenting with plastic bottles, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were made of plastic, then British dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastic tubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!

[C] The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put out by the average London household each week. So why is it done Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most of the rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up the environment.

[D] The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs.

[E] Little research, however, is being carried out on the costs of alternative types of packaging. Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it and recycle it as egg-boxes Would it be cheaper to plant another forest Paper is the material most used for packaging--20 million paper bags are apparently used in Great Britain each day--but very little is salvaged.

[F] It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and re use of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, intended to be used just once, and making things look better so that more people will buy them, is clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as using it sensibly. What is needed now is a more sophisticated approach to using scarce resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.

[G] To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box has to be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived; the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries. It is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene or paper.

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