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问题 单项选择题

根据《建筑工程施工图设计文件审查暂行办法》，( )应当将施工图报送建设行政主管部门，由其委托有关机构进行审查。

A．设计单位

B．建设单位

C．咨询单位

D．质量监督机构

答案

参考答案：B

解析：[考点] 第四章工程项目管理第一节工程项目管理概述：工程项目建设实施阶段工作内容。 [思路] 施工图设计文件的审查。根据建设部2000年颁布的《建筑工程施工图设计文件审查暂行办法》规定，建设单位应当将施工图报送建设行政主管部门，由建设行政主管部门委托有关审查机构，进行结构安全和强制性标准、规范执行情况等内容的审查。 [易错] 本题易错选项为选项A。其原因可能是考生错误地认为施工图报送审查是设计单位。 [拓展] 在该知识点中除工程设计外，还包括建设准备、施工安装、生产准备等相关内容。

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问答题

The first mention of slavery in the statutes of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660--some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that slavery existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Simon assure us that the status of Black people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. (46) A critique of the Simons’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.

(47) The Simons explain the appearance of legal slavery by contending that, during the 1660’s, the position of White servants was improving relative to that of Black servants. Thus, the Simons argue, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Simons cannot adequately demonstrate that the White servant’s position was improving during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Simons’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this should not overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status--the two attributes of true slavery--yet in other cases it included both. (48) The Simons’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.

This possibility has important ramifications. (49) If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Simons have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. (50) Frey and Terry have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America--such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality--explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something.

50（）
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