问题 问答题 论述题

朗加纳斯认为,如何创造出有崇高美的作品?

答案

参考答案:

首先,诗人要做大自然的竞赛者。伟大的作家应该意识到自己作为人的真正目标,不是匍匐在大自然的脚下,做大自然的某一细节的模仿者,而是要创造出比大自然更精妙、堂皇、美丽的事物。只有树立了这样的目标,才能创造出体现人的崇高的崇高作品。

其次,诗人要做过去伟大的诗人和作家的竞赛者。朗加纳斯认为,古罗马的艺术家,不仅应当成为过去的伟大诗人和作家的模仿者,而且要成为竞赛者,这同时与贺拉斯的精神点互有共同之处,因为贺拉斯在《上奥古斯都》书中,也曾指出古罗马应当有代表自己的帝国风格的作品。

最后,创造“庄严、雄浑、遒劲”的意象,是获得崇高风格的先决条件。

朗加纳斯认为风格的“庄严、雄浑、遒劲”是依赖“意象”产生的,而意象就是心象。在这里,朗加纳斯在文艺理论方面超越了亚里士多德和贺拉斯的模仿说,在哲学上与柏拉图的主观唯心主义的思想相融合,第一次在纯粹文艺理论的意义上肯定了主观想象在文学创造中的主要作用,第一次,至少是较早地使人们对文学艺术认识的重点,由客体特征转向了主体的情感。由此,人们对文艺本质的认识,又更加深入了一层,突破了一直占主流地位的摹仿说,继承了柏拉图的影响,与后来的普洛丁一道,开启了早期浪漫主义文学的潮流。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Teachers at American colleges and universities have many different teaching methods. Some teachers

give homework and check homework every day, and students in their classes have to take many exams.

Some teachers give only writing tasks. Some teachers always follow a course outline and usually use the

textbook. Others send students to the library for tasks.

     The atmosphere in some classrooms is very formal. Students call their teachers Professor (教授) Smith,

Mrs. Jones and so on. Some teachers wear business clothes and give talks. Other classrooms have an informal ( 非正式的 ) atmosphere. Students and teachers discuss their ideas. Teachers dress informally, and students

call them by their first names. American teachers are different in their teaching styles.

     At most American colleges and universities, libraries and learning centers can be used by students at any

time. They can often use tape recorders, video machines and computers. They can buy books, notebooks and

other things at campus stores. There are also services (服务) to students. They can get advice on their

problems from their teachers. Colleges and universities usually offer facilities (设施) to students. Some schools

have swimming pools and tennis courts. Most have fast food restaurants.

1. At American colleges and universities, some teachers _________.

A. never give their students any homework

B. give classes in the library

C. give only writing tasks

D. only give their students writing exams

2. In an informal class, _________.

A. students call their teachers Professor Smith, Mrs. Jones and so on

B. students discuss their ideas with their teachers

C. students have to take many exams

D. teachers dress formally

3. The underlined word "campus" means _________ in Chinese.

A. 校园

B. 工厂

C. 社区

D. 广场

4. According to the passage, most schools in America have _________.

A. swimming pools

B. fast food restaurants

C. tennis courts

D. basketball courts

5. Which of the following is not mentioned in this passage?

A. Teaching methods.

B. Teaching styles.

C. College facilities.

D. University dinning rooms.

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