问题 计算题

随着经济水平的不断提高,小汽车越来越多地走进了我市普通家庭。下表为小军家小汽车的相关数据:

水箱装满水后总质量:1600kg额定功率:100kW
车轮与地面的总接触面积:8.0×10-2m2水箱容量:5L
(1)汽车发动机是汽油机,从能源可否再生角度来看,汽油是          能源。

(2)汽车启动时,需将钥匙插入钥匙孔内并旋转(相当于闭合开关),请你用笔画线代替导线将轿车的启动原理图连接完整。

(3)汽车上的散热器用水作为冷却剂,这是利用了水的        较大的性质,当水箱装满水,水温升高20℃时,求水吸收的热量。(c=4.2×103J/(kg℃))

(4)该车静止在水平地面上时,求对地面的压强。(g=10N/kg)

(5)假若该车在水平路面上以40 kW的功率匀速行驶10min,消耗汽油1.5 kg,求小汽车发动机的效率。(q汽油=4.6×107J/kg)

答案

(1)不可再生    (2) 略     (3)比热容   4.2×105J   (4)2×105Pa    (5)34.8%

题目分析:(1)汽油在短期内不能从自然界中得到补充,是不可再生能源;发动机工作时,在做功冲程中将内能转化为机械能;

(2)汽车散热器用水作为冷却剂,是利用了水的比热容较大的性质;

水的质量:

m=ρV=1×103kg/m3×5×10-3m3=5kg,

水吸收的热量:

Q=cm△t=4.2×103J/(kg•℃)×5kg×20℃=4.2×105J.

(3)汽车对地面的压力:

F=G=mg=1600kg×10N/kg=16000N,

s=8.0×10-2m2

汽车对地面的压强:

(4)电路连接如图,钥匙孔与一节电池、电磁铁组成控制电路,电动机与总电源组成工作电路.

(5)小汽车以额定功率匀速直线行驶10min牵引力所做的功

W=Pt=4×104W×10×60s=2.4×107J,

完全燃烧1.5kg汽油放出热量

Q=mq=1.5kg×4.6×107J/kg=6.9×107J,

小汽车发动机的效率为:

所以答案为:

(1)不可再生;做功;

(2)比热容;4.2×105

(3)2×105

(4)如图所示:

(5)小汽车发动机的效率为34.8%.

点评:本题以小汽车为背景,考查了能源分类、汽油机四冲程中的能量转化、水的比热容较大的应用、热量的计算、压强的计算、电磁铁的应用、热值、电能的计算、效率的计算,知识点多、综合性强,要求灵活运用所学知识,属于难题.

完形填空

完形填空(共15题,每小题1分,满分15分)

阅读下面短文,掌握大意,然后从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳答案,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

A long time ago, in a small house in Scotland, two friends lived together. Their names were John and Bobby.

John and Bobby were not  16   , and they had few things except friends,    17    they were happy. They lit a warm fire when it was cold outside. They had food to eat when they were hungry. They were  never     18     because they had each other.

John and Bobby     19     to take long walks together. After their     20     John usually cooked the dinner. John and Bobby ate the dinner and then     21    in front of the fire. They had a(n)     22     but happy life.

Then John developed a(n)     23     disease and died in the spring of 1858. He was  24     in a grave (坟墓). After that, Bobby stood at John’s grave and shouted. “Come on, Bobby,” John’s     25     said. “It’s time to go home.” Bobby went home, but later he returned to the grave. He     26     near it. He stayed there all night.

Bobby stayed at the grave site the next day, and the day after another. For the next 14 years, Bobby never left the    27    . When the weather was cold, he slept in a small house near the grave. When it was     28    , he slept on the ground near John’s grave.

29    , in 1872, Bobby died, too. John’s friends buried him in a     30     grave near John’s. Why was Bobby’s grave so little? Bobby, John’s best friend, was a dog.

16. A. rich                  B. lucky          C. beautiful      D. funny 

17. A. and               B. or         C. but             D. so

18. A. lonely           B. alone         C. worried                D. separate

19. A. failed   B. competed  C. imagined         D. liked

20. A. work           B. rest     C. run                 D. walk

21. A. sang                B. talked          C. sat    D. studied

22. A. hard                 B. sad          C. easy         D. simple

23. A. serious  B. unhealthy   C. big     D. sick

24. A. put                   B. escaped       C. stored         D. buried

25. A. friends B. children  C. parents   D. brothers

26. A. got up    B. turned down         C. sat down D. put up

27. A. garage   B. grave         C. home          D. town

28. A. cool                  B. warm        C. wet                D. rainy

29. A. Luckily    B. Quickly        C. Finally   D. Interestingly

30. A. large     B. small    C. firm     D. weak

单项选择题