问题 问答题 论述题

雷奈•韦勒克的作品结构理论是什么?

答案

参考答案:

韦勒克是新批评后期的核心人物,也是西方学术界公认的20世纪最博学的文艺批评家之一。他的主要观点有:

①内部研究和外部研究:韦勒克把文学研究的焦点归结为作品本身,并将文学批评分为内部研究和外部研究两方面:

⑴所谓外部研究是指涉及作家创作心理、创作过程、个性和所处社会环境等因素并与这些因素相关联的文学研究。外部研究是一种因果式的研究,但研究文学作品的起因并不能解决对文学作品这一对象的描述分析和评价等问题。韦勒克称之为起因谬说,认为起因谬说有四类:

⒈把文学作品看成创作者个人的产品,从而主张从考察作者的生平和心理着手研究;

⒉从人类社会生活的经济社会政治条件中探索文学创作的决定因素;

⒊从人类精神创造活动中探索文学的起因;

⒋以时代精神来解释文学。

韦勒克认为起因和结果即创作背景和作品二者之间的关系不能被如此简单地研究,起因解释的方法并不能有效描述分析和评价文学作品,所以他坚决主张用内部研究取代外部研究。

⑵所谓内部研究是指对文学作品本身结构的研究。韦勒克认为我们必须正视文学性的问题,它是美学的中心问题,是文学艺术的本质。由于文学性指的是文学中的形式和语言结构,把文学形式做文学艺术的本质,文学研究的焦点就在于作品的本身特别是作品的语言结构和形式,艺术品的内容或思想作为经过形象化的意义世界的一部分,已经融入了作品的结构,文学研究就应该依据有这样符号结构的作品为对象,而不能从作者的心理、个性和社会生活的角度来研究文学,因为这些是文学之外的东西,与作品之间存在一个所谓的本体论差距,故内部研究就是把文学作品作为一种符号结构加以研究。

由于文学性这一概念是俄国形式主义者提出的,可以见出韦勒克与俄国形式主义的密切关系,但二者有是有很大区别的,毕竟韦勒克看到了文学与社会所具有的种种联系,看到了作家与社会的联系,看到了作品本身的社会内容和文学对社会所具有的影响,并明确地把文学看做是一种社会性的实践活动。然而他却把研究的重点放在了内部研究上,排斥上述要素在文学研究中的地位,显然是站在形式主义的基本立场之上的,是新批评派的文本中心论形式主义。

②作品结构理论:

韦勒克将艺术品看成是一个为某种特别的审美目的服务的完整符号体系或者符号结构,其内部研究就是围绕这一符号结构展开的在强调结构、符号和价值三方面统一的基础上,他提出了文学作品结构的八个层面说:

⑴声音层面;

⑵意义单元;

⑶意象和隐喻;

⑷存在于象征和象征系统中的诗歌的特殊世界;

⑸由叙述性的小说投射出的世界所提出的有关形式和技巧的特殊问题;

⑹文学类型的性质问题;

⑺文学作品的评价问题;

⑻文学史的性质问题。

这一理论有这样几个特点:

⑴把结构与价值联系起来加以研究;

⑵突出了意义单元的作用;

⑶高度重视意象和隐喻;

⑷把作品结构与文学的历史发展紧密结合,企图提供一种全新的外部性较少的文学史理论。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Most people, when they travel to space, would like to stay in

orbit for a few days or more. And this stands to reason, if you're

paying $ 20,000 for your trip to orbit!  So in order for tourism to

reach its full potential there's going to be a need for orbital

accommodation-or space hotels. What would a space hotel

actually be like to visit? Hotels in orbit will offer the services you

expect from a hotel-private rooms, meals, bars. But they'll also

offer two unique experiences: impressive views-of Earth and

space~ and the endless entertainment of living in zero gravity-

including sports and other activities that make use of this.

   The hotels themselves will vary greatly-from being quite

simple in the early days to huge luxury structures at a later date.

It's actually surprising that as later as 1997,very few designs for

space hotels were published. This is mainly because those who

might be expected to design them haven't expected lauch costs to

come down far enough to make them possible.

     Lots of people who've been to space have described vividly

what it's like to live in zero gravity. There are obviously all sorts of

possibilities for dancing, gymnastics, and zero-G sports. Luckily,

you don't need to sleep much living in zero gravity, so you'll have

plenty of time for relaxing by hanging out in a bar with a window

looking down at the turning Earth below.

      Of course all good things have come to an end, unfortunately.

And so after a few days you'll find yourself heading back though

you'll be much more expert at exercising in zero gravity than you

were when you arrived. You'll be thinking how soon you can save

up enough to get back up again-or maybe you should change jobs

to get to work in an orbiting hotel!

1. When traveling in space, most people would like to stay in orbit for a few days because ____.      

A. it is expensive to travel in space

B. they would find the possible life in other star systems

C. they could enjoy the luxury of space hotels

D. they want to realise the full potential of tourism

2. Which of the following is a unique experience that space hotels will offer? 

A. The gravitational pull.  

B. The special views.

C. The relaxation in a bar. 

D. The space walk.

3. Which of the following is NOT discussed in the passage?   

A. When was the space traveling made possible?

B. What are the unique experiences that space hotels will offer?

C. Why were there not many published designs for space hotels?

D. How can the travelers enjoy themselves in space hotels?

4. This passage is mainly about ____. 

A. traveling in space

B. the ways of living in space hotels

C. zero gravity and space hotels

D. the description of space hotels

单项选择题