问题 问答题 论述题

T•S•艾略特的“非个人化”理论是什么?

答案

参考答案:

①文学作品的有机整体观:

⑴文学作品有机整体观不在一部作品,而是着眼于整个文学,所有的文学作品组成了一个有机整体。文学家的作品只有放在这个有机整体之中与之产生紧密的联系才会有意义,才能确立自己的地位。

⑵文学作品的有机整体并不是一种一成不变的存在物,而是处在一种生生不息的运动变化过程之中,新的作品不断加入这个有机整体中,引起其调整、适应和变化。文学批评也应该从作品与该有机整体的相互关系中进行评价。

⑶从一部具体的作品来说,作品的各个组成部分并不是一种简单的叠加,而是一种有机组合。批评家在解释和评论该作品时,只有对构成作品的每一个组成部分都与作品整体进行联系才能获得正确客观的解释。

⑷艾略特文学有机整体观的贡献在于把具体作品能看成一个有机整体、把整个文学史看成一个有机整体,显然是对传统有机整体观的一个重要发展,同时又用运动变化的观点审视这一有机整体,使有机整体观充满了辩证色彩。

②非个人化理论:

⑴艾略特继承休姆的反浪漫主义立场,提出了著名的非个人化立场,为新批评派开辟了道路。非个人化理论认为诗歌以及其他体裁的文学作品应当是非个人化的,他针对浪漫主义张扬感情和个性的观点,明确指出诗歌不是感情的放纵而是感情的脱离,诗歌不是个性的表现而是个性的脱离。

⑵任何一位文学家都不具有完全的意义,只有将其放在与前人的比较对照之中才能获得对其的客观评价。因为每一个作家都受到文学传统对他的影响,而其文学作品也将对文学传统产生作用。文学历史的意识使得每一个作家意识到自己在文学史中的地位,因而不应该突出自己的个性,而是使作品适应文学传统,作家只有不断地为文学传统的延续放弃自己的个性才能前进。

⑶文学家应当消灭个性,文学作品中最好的部分应该是前辈文学家足以使他们永垂不朽的地方而不是文学家自己的个性和风格,因此只有消灭个性艺术才能达到科学的地步。诗人的心灵相当于化学反应中的催化剂,没有诗人的心灵,作品就不会被创作出来,但创作出来之后,作品应该不包括任何作者个人的色彩,如果有一点个人化的风格,这个作家就是下等作家。

⑷非个人化还应当逃避文学家个人的情感,诗人所未经验的感情与他所熟悉的感情都可以被运用到诗作之中,诗人的任务就是把寻常感情升华成诗歌,在诗歌中表现实际情感根本没有的感觉,从根本上说,诗歌根本不是感情,它之所以有价值也不在于感情的伟大与强烈,而在于艺术过程的强烈。

⑸艾略特的非个人化理论一反从社会历史及作家生平背景等方面解释作品的传统批评方法,完全割裂了文学作品与作者的联系,要求文学批评把注意力只放到作品本身中去,要求批评家的兴趣从诗人转移到诗歌,文学作品不是作家个人情感的表现,作家也不可能脱离文学传统真正具有个性。艾略特的非个人化理论从作品本身出发进行内在研究,开辟了崭新的文学批评观。

③文学批评的外部权威:

将批评家自己的内心声音作为批评标准的浪漫主义批评是主观随意的,批评应该是一种冷静的合作活动,尽量惩戒个人的偏见和怪癖,内心的声音不能够成为批评的客观标准。艾略特把自己的目光转向文学传统,从文学历史发展的角度和文学有机整体原则出发,提出批评的标准应该是外部权威即文学传统,这也就是他所谓的古典主义批评原则。将外部权威的文学批评标准应用于具体的批评实践之中就要做到:

⑴应该审视文学作品是否遵循文学传统,对传统表示忠顺甚至做出牺牲。批评家有权利要求作家关心文学的完整性,承认自身以外无可争辩的文学传统权威的存在。

⑵批评要以事实为基础,真正有效的批评应该是与作家创作相结合的批评,有高度的事实感应该是批评家所必须具备的最重要的条件,只有这样,批评家对作品的解释才能成为真正合法的解释,不论是文学传统还是外部事实,它们都不是来自批评家内心的声音,而是作为一种外部权威规范着文学批评,使之有了评价作品优劣的尺度。

⑶艾略特的外部权威说显然带有古典主义色彩,但对于纠正内心的声音的批评标准,对于纠正仅仅从政治、经济、个人传记等非文学性标准出发评判文学作品,都具有积极的意义。

④论玄学诗:艾略特通过对17世纪初英国玄学派诗人的再评价,提出了文学的感性与理性相结合的观点,认为玄学诗的一大优点是将感性与理性密切地结合在一起,在他们的诗歌中,一种思想也就是一种经验,而这种优点在17世纪以来逐渐丧失了。艾略特的这一观点对后来的新批评派产生了重大影响,新批评派甚至将玄学诗派视为英诗创作的最高峰。

问答题
阅读理解
Goals are the guides all through our life. We all have goals that we are moving towards and making a great effort to achieve. This is a good thing. Or can it be bad? How many of us never reach our goals and yet we have tried so hard and really thought about nothing else? I believe the mistake most of us make is that we do not focus on our present situation.
Let me explain. Most of us see our present situation as a stepping stone that we use simply as a means of reaching our final destination. We don’t take time to truly appreciate where we are today and all the great things we already have in our lives. We should focus our attention on the journey and not on the destination, or we will miss the beautiful scenery along the way.
Let’s use our job as an example. Now most of us want a promotion. We have plans to become the manager or general manager in our companies. Unfortunately, most of us will never reach the goal, but will watch others achieve our goal instead.
What we should be doing is focusing on the job we are currently in now. Forget where we want to get to and just focus on the present. You see, what we can control is our performance in our current job. We can decide to be the best we possibly can in our current job. Now this may mean further education to have the skills we currently do not have. It may mean working harder to produce better results than our colleagues. It could simply be a change of attitude, such as stopping complaining and becoming a more devoted and supportive employee. By doing our current job to the best of our abilities, we in fact give ourselves the best chance of promotion.
So the best thing for all of us to do to achieve our goals is to just focus on what we have and where we are now. Do the best and be the best we possibly can in our current situations, and we will give ourselves the very best chance of reaching our goals in the future. We have heard the old sayings and they are true: “Rome wasn’t built in a day.”, “Patience is a virtue”, and so on.
Have patience, have appreciation of what we already have, and take time to help ourselves be the very best we can. Do these things and we will all reach our goals, but more importantly, we will enjoy our life every day.
Title
Focus on the present
Theme
To (76) ______ our goals, we should focus on what we have and where we are now.
 
Common (77)______
﹡We do not focus on our present situation.
﹡Most of us see our present situation as a stepping stone to our final destination.
﹡We do not spend the time truly (78)______ where we are today and what we already have in our lives.
(79)______—our job
﹡(80)______ the thought of getting promoted. What we should do is (81)______ our best to do our current job.
﹡To be the best in our current job, we should get further education, work harder than (82)______, stop complaining and (83)______ ourselves to our job.
Conclusion
If we are (84)______, grateful for what we have, and take time to help ourselves be the very best we can, we can not only (85)______ in the future, but also enjoy our life every day.