问题 问答题 论述题

诺曼•霍兰德的读者反应精神分析批评是什么?

答案

参考答案:霍兰德是美国最重要的精神分析批评家,他把精神分析学与认知心理学、心理语言学、科学哲学和控制论结合起来,提出了一套可广泛应用于人文社会科学研究的普遍模式。

①身份主题说:霍兰德认为每一个人在儿童时代都发展出一个与他人不同的个人风格或身份主题,使我们可以能动的观察世界、能动的建构现实,这一能动的过程是受到个人风格或身份控制的。这一个人身份是人体、文化和个人独一无二的历史构成的,因此,人的身份也包括人体身份、文化身份和个人身份三部分。

②所谓读者反应之下的思考,是指所有文学反应都由包括人体身份、文化身份和使我们成为现在这个样子的独一无二的个人历史身份所控制。读者与文本之间的关系是一种本我幻想与自我防御的关系,文学作品把读者的潜在愿望与恐惧变成了社会可以接受的内容,因而可以给读者带来快乐,文本是读者与作者进行沟通的场所。

阅读是一种个性的再创造,读者可以根据自己的个性主题主动地去理解文本,读者的阅读再创了独特的个性,阅读是一种从主观到主观的作用过程,是接受他人所表达意义的过程。艺术本质上是被诱导出来的,是一般经验的一种修复性延伸,把文学文本作为其作者的个人存在对于外部现实的反应的产品。如果幻想存在于作者的无意识中,它们也存在于读者的无意识中,因此批评家应该更多的关注读者的心理或者自我,关注读者的阅读过程和反应,于是以读者与文本关系为核心的霍兰德读者反应精神分析批评便建立起来了。此外,霍兰德还认为,这种批评是永无休止的对话与交流,结论总是暂时有限的,因为它依赖于上下文语境和同行的评价。

选择题
单项选择题

Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely.
But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm Should we not rather encourage many ways for self-respecting people to work Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work
The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.
Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they live.
Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and families to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.
It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work,young people and old people were excluded—a problem now,as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.
All this may now have to change.
The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal crea- ting jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.

It can be inferred from the passage that______.

A. most people who have been polled believe that the problem of unemployment may not be solved within a short period of time
B. many farmers lost their land when new railways and factories were being constructed
C. in preindustrial societies housework and community service were mainly carried out by women
D. some of the changes in work pattern that the industrial age brought have been reversed