问题 问答题 简答题

资本主义制度的本质特征是什么?

答案

参考答案:资本主义制度的本质特征是雇佣劳动制度。即在资本主义劳动过程中,劳动者的劳动力归资本家使用,劳动者在资本家监督下为资本家的利益而生产;劳动产品归资本家所有。

(1)资本主义制度的基础是生产资料的资本主义私有制。货币财富在少数人手中的集中,既是资本主义产生的历史条件,也是资本主义运行的现实条件。在资本主义私有制下,一方面,劳动力成为商品:由于生产资料资本主义所有制,劳动者丧失了生产资料;同时,劳动者具有人身自由,能将自己的劳动力当作商品出卖;另一方面,劳动力成为商品,货币也就成为资本,因为如果劳动力不是商品,无法购买劳动力则即使资本家占有生产资料也无法使生产资料与劳动力相结合,货币就不能成为资本。

(2)雇佣劳动制度是资本主义生产方式的本质特征。资本主义制度造成直接生产者与生产资料分离,而劳动者与生产资料的重新结合是在雇佣劳动制度下实现的。由于资本家掌握了生产资料,而劳动者除了自己的劳动力以外一无所有,不得不将自己的劳动力出卖给资本家,通过出卖自己的劳动力与生产资料结合起来进行生产活动。在资本主义的生产过程中,劳动者与生产资料一样,是作为资本的生产要素存在的。劳动者在生产过程中不仅要生产出自己的工资收入,而且无偿地为资本家生产出利润。这样,商品生产的所有权规律转变为资本主义占有规律。资本主义占有是对商品生产所有权规律的应用和结果。因为:资本家把一定数额的货币转化为可变资本用来购买劳动力,而工人则通过出卖自己的劳动力,取得劳动力商品的价值。工人把劳动力商品的使用价值即劳动,让渡给资本家,资本家就把这种已归他占有的劳动,同另外也归他占有的生产资料相结合,转化为一种新的产品,因而这个产品在法律上也归他所有。所以资本家由于占有生产资料和占有劳动,遂占有产品,正是应用;厂商品生产所有权,遵守了等价交换规律的结果。因此,资本主义的雇佣劳动制度是资本家无偿占有工人劳动成果的剥削制度。

资本主义作为一种剥削制度,其基础和历史上存在过的其他剥削制度一样,也是生产资料的私有制,而使资本主义与其他剥削制度相区别的特征,则是雇佣劳动制度这样一种资本主义生产方式所特有的劳动者与生产资料相结合的方式。

阅读理解

In many ways, our society doesn’t simply prepare for the kinds of lives that the elderly must lead. We have made medical advances that allow people to live longer than ever before, but we do not seem to know what to do with them after we have saved their lives. Too little allowance (津贴) is made for the person who is no longer earning a living, who can not walk long distances or drive a car, or who may have physical or mental disabilities that keep him from communicating with others. The institutional (慈善机构的) care we give our older people is a good reflection of the overall attitude of our society toward the aged.

In the past few years, nursing homes have received wide attention as boring, meaningless places where old people often have little else to do but wait for the end of their lives. Elderly wards in mental hospitals are even worse. One of the most shocking things abort nursing homes has been the unwillingness of people on the outside to show real concern for what happens in these institutions. Even people who are entrusting (委托) a parent to the care of a home rarely ask about the nurse-parent ratio (比率), about the kinds of creative facilities or physical treatment equipment available, or about the frequency of doctors’ visits.

And the government has provided federal money without enforcing high standards of care. In fact federal standards were lowered in 1974. Therefore, in some sense our concern for the aged seems to be moving backwards, not forwards. This picture is in striking contrast to the treatment of respectable patriarchs (男长者) and matriarchs (女长者) in many societies.

1. What would be the most suitable title for this passage?

A. Failure of Care for the Elderly                   B. The Elderly

C. Institutional Care                            D. A National Shame

2. We can conclude from this passage that the writer feels ____.

A. nursing homes should be got rid of

B. a country that can help people live longer should also be able to care for them better

C. people have no thanks toward their parents

D. our society’s institutions need to be reformed

3. The writer believes that people who place a parent in a nursing home should ____.

A. demand higher federal standards

B. consider the example set in other countries

C. be ashamed of not keeping the parents in their own homes

D. investigate it first

4. The writer complains ____.

A. about the indifference of some people towards nursing homes

B. about the shortage of equipment in nursing home

C. that nursing homes keep the aged from communicating with others

D. both A and B

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