问题 问答题 简答题

什么是地面有效辐射?它的强弱受哪些因子的影响?举例说明在农业生产中的作用。

答案

参考答案:

地面有效辐射是地面放射的长波辐射与地面所吸收的大气逆辐射之差,它表示地面净损失的长波辐射,其值越大,地面损失热量越多,夜晚降温越快。

影响因子有:

(1)地面温度:地面温度越高,放射的长波辐射越多,有效辐射越大。

(2)大气温度:大气温度越高,向地面放射的长波辐射越多,有效辐射越小。

(3)云和空气湿度:由于大气中水汽是放射长波辐射的主要气体,所以水汽、云越多,湿度越大,大气逆辐射就越大,有效辐射越小。

(4)天气状况:晴朗无风的天气条件下,大气逆辐射减小,地面有效辐射增大。

(5)地表性质:地表越粗糙,颜色越深,越潮湿,地面有效辐射越强。

(6)海拔高度:高度增高,大气密度减小,水汽含量降低,使大气逆辐射减小,有效辐射增大。

(7)风速:风速增大能使高层和低层空气混合,在夜间带走近地层冷空气,而代之以温度较高的空气,地面就能从较暖的空气中得到较多的大气逆辐射,因而使有效辐射减小;而在白天风速增大可使有效辐射转向增大。

举例:因为夜间地面温度变化决定于地面有效辐射的强弱,所以早春或晚秋季节夜间地面有效辐射很强时,引起地面及近地气层急剧降温,可出现霜冻。

单项选择题
阅读理解

The way people hold to the belief that a fun­filled,pain­free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness.If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness,then pain must be equal to unhappiness.But in fact,the opposite is true.More often than not,things that lead to happiness involve some pain.

As a result,many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness.They fear the pain inevitably (不可避免地) brought by such things as marriage,raising children,professional achievement,religious commitment and self­improvement.

Ask a bachelor (单身汉) why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying.If he is honest,he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment.Certainly,commitment is quite painful.The single life is filled with fun,adventure,and excitement.Marriage has such moments,but they are not its most distinguishing (显著的) features.

Couples with infant (婴儿) children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three­day vacation.I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children.But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild.

Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations.It liberates time:now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness.It liberates money:buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless.And it liberates us from envy:we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.

小题1:According to the author,a bachelor doesn’t want to marry mainly because________.

A.he is unwilling to take family responsibilities

B.he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains single

C.he finds more fun in dating than in marriage

D.he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement小题2:Raising children,in the author’s opinion,is________.

A.a moral duty

B.a thankless job

C.a rewarding task

D.a source of inevitable pain小题3:To understand what true happiness is one must________.

A.have as much fun as possible during one’s lifetime

B.make every effort to liberate oneself from pain

C.put up with pain under all circumstances

D.be able to distinguish happiness from fun小题4:What is the main idea of the passage?

A.Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain.

B.One must know how to attain happiness.

C.It is important to make commitments.

D.It is pain that leads to happiness.