问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文章,完成文后题目。

冬天

朱自清

说起冬天,忽然想到豆腐。是一“小洋锅”(铝锅)白煮豆腐,热腾腾的。水滚着,像好些鱼眼睛,一小块一小块豆腐养在里面,嫩而滑,仿佛反穿的白狐大衣。锅在“洋炉子”(煤油不打气炉)上,和炉子都熏得乌黑乌黑,越显出豆腐的白。这是晚上,屋子老了,虽点着“洋灯”,也还是阴暗。围着桌子坐的是父亲跟我们哥儿三个。“洋炉子”太高了,父亲得常常站起来,微微地仰着脸,觑着眼睛,从氤氲的热气里伸进筷子,夹起豆腐,一一地放在我们的酱油碟里。我们有时也自己动手,但炉子实在太高了,总还是坐享其成的多。这并不是吃饭,只是玩儿。父亲说晚上冷,吃了大家暖和些。我们都喜欢这种白水豆腐;一上桌就眼巴巴望着那锅,等着那热气,等着热气里从父亲筷子上掉下来的豆腐。

又是冬天,记得是阴历十一月十六晚上。跟S君P君在西湖里坐小划子,S君刚到杭州教书,事先来信说:“我们要游西湖,不管它是冬天。”那晚月色真好;现在想起来还像照在身上。本来前一晚是“月当头”;也许十一月的月亮真有些特别罢。那时九点多了,湖上似乎只有我们一只划子。有点风,月光照着软软的水波;当间那一溜儿反光,像新砑的银子。湖上的山只剩了淡淡的影子。山下偶尔有一两星灯火。S君口占两句诗道:“数星灯火认渔村,淡墨轻描远黛痕。”我们都不大说话,只有均匀的桨声。我渐渐地快睡着了。P君“喂”了一下,才抬起眼皮,看见他在微笑。船夫问要不要上净寺去,是阿弥陀佛生日,那边蛮热闹的。到了寺里,殿上灯烛辉煌,满是佛婆念佛的声音,好像醒了一场梦。这已是十多年前的事了,S君还常常通着信,P君听说转变了好几次,前年是在一个特税局里收特税了,以后便没有消息。

在台州过了一个冬天,一家四口子。台州是个山城,可以说在一个大谷里。只有一条二里长的大街。别的路上白天简直不大见人,晚上一片漆黑。偶尔人家窗户里透出一点灯光,还有走路的拿着的火把,但那是少极了。我们住在山脚下。有的是山上松林里的风声,跟天上一只两只的鸟影。夏末到那里,春初便走,却好像老在过着冬天似的;可是即便真冬天也并不冷。我们住在楼上,书房临着大路,路上有人说话,可以清清楚楚地听见。但因为走路的人太少了,间或有点说话的声音,听起来还只当远风送来的,想不到就在窗外。我们是外路人,除上学校去之外,常只在家里坐着。妻也惯了那寂寞,只和我们爷儿们守着。外边虽老是冬天,家里却老是春天。有一回我上街去,回来的时候,楼下厨房的大方窗开着,并排地挨着她们母子三人,三张脸都带着天真微笑的向着我。似乎台州空空的,只有我们四人;天地空空的,也只有我们四人。那时是民国十年,妻刚从家里出来,满自在。现在她死了快四年了,我却还老记着她那微笑的影子。

无论怎么冷,大风大雪,想到这些,我心上总是温暖的。

1933年2月

小题1:这篇文章写了几个冬天是分别通过什么事情写冬天的(6分)

小题2:通读全文,可以感受到作者笔下的冬天是怎样的冬天你是通过哪些语句感受到的(从原文中找出至少三个句子)(6分)

小题3:为什么不说豆腐煮在锅里,而要说“养”在锅里(4分)

小题4:“我们都喜欢这种白水豆腐;一上桌就眼巴巴望着那锅,等着那热气,等着热气里从父亲筷子上掉下来的豆腐。”

(1)“我们都喜欢这白水豆腐”的原因是                       。(不超过10个字)(3分)

(2)作者连用两个“等着”,这在表达上的好处是                       。(不超过15个字)(3分)

小题5:作者为了突出表现文章的主旨而在选材上有精心的安排,请就此作一点分析。(6分)

答案

小题1:第一个冬天,童年时与父亲兄弟围着小洋锅吃白水豆腐;第二个冬天,与朋友夜游西湖;第三个冬天,与妻儿在台州。 

小题1:是一些温暖的、洋溢着亲情和友情的冬天。(例句略)

小题1:“煮”在锅里的豆腐是“死”的,只是一种食品。“养”在锅里的豆腐则是“活”的,是一种有生命的、能给人带来快乐的生物。 

小题1:(1)这不是吃饭,只是玩儿。(2)能充分表现“我们”急切盼望的心情。

小题1:作者精心选取与冬天的寒冷形成强烈反差的热闹、温馨的几件事,来描写他心中如春天般的冬天。

小题1:整体感知文本,主要考查学生的概括能力,要求学生用简练的语言来概括事件的内容(时间、地点、人物、事件)。学生学会用记叙的要素来概括文本内容。

小题1:作者描写的三个场景的共同特征是温暖的、洋溢着亲情和友情的;学生学会在文章中找出照应的内容,又要学会概括内容的能力。

小题1:语言赏析主要从词语运用和修辞两个角度去鉴赏如:先说出词语的含义,再答出词语表达效果。学会结合语段具体问题具体分析。能准确表述出修辞词语在这里的具体表达效果,表述意思合理即可。

小题1:研读文本内容,要求学生能用简明的语言概括内容要点。(1)能理解出这“不是吃饭,只是玩儿”即可;(2)答出急切盼望的心情即可。

小题1:从作者选择了三个“温暖”的场景来和寒冷的冬天作对比,更突出所要表达的中心主题,学生理解作时,能够从“反衬”手法选材角度回答即可。

不定项选择
填空题

Clattering keyboards may seem the white noise of the modern age, but they betray more information than unwary typists realize. Simply by analyzing audio recordings of keyboard clatter, computer scientists can now reconstruct an accurate transcript of what was typed--including passwords. (41) .
Such snooping is possible because each key produces a characteristic dick, shaped by its position on the keyboard, the vigor and hand position of the typist, and the type of keyboard used. But past attempts to decipher keyboard sounds were only modestly successful, requiring a training session in which the computer matched a known transcript to an audio recording of each key being struck. (42) . Furthermore, each new typist or keyboard required a fresh transcript and training session, limiting the method’s appeal to would-be hackers.
Now, in a blow to acoustic security, Doug Tygar and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, have published details of an approach that reaches 96% accuracy, even without a labeled training transcript. (43) . The software tentatively assigns each click a letter based on its frequency, then tests the message created by this assignment using statistical models of the English language. For example, certain letters or words are more likely to occur together-if an unknown keystroke follows a "t", it is much more likely to be an "h" than an "x". Similarly, the words "for example" make likelier bedfellows than "fur example". In a final refinement, the researchers employed a method many students would do well to deploy on term papers., automated spellchecking.
By repeatedly revising unlikely or incorrect letter assignments, Dr. Tygar’s software extracts sense from sonic chaos. That said, the method does have one limitation: in order to apply the language model, at least five minutes of the recorded typing had to be in standard English (though in principle any systematic language or alphabet would work). But once those requirements are met, the program can decode anything from epic prose to randomized, ten-character passwords.
(44) . He says it is quite simple to find the instructions needed to build a parabolic or laser microphone on the web. You could just point one from outside through an office window to make a recording. And as he points out, would-be eavesdroppers might not even need their own recording equipment, as laptop computers increasingly come equipped with built-in microphones that could be hijacked.
(45) . His computers were less successful at parsing recordings made in noisy rooms. Ultimately, though, more sophisticated recording arrays could overcome even background noise, rendering any typed text vulnerable. Dr. Tygar therefore recommends that typed passwords be phased out, to be replaced with biometric checks or multiple types of authorization that combine a password with some form of silent verification (clicking on a pre-chosen picture in a selection of images, for example). Loose lips may still sink ships, but for the moment it seems that an indiscreet keystroke can do just as much damage.
[A] This sort of acoustic analysis might sound like the exclusive province of spies and spooks, but according to Dr. Tygar, such attacks are not as esoteric as you might expect.
[B] The sounds of typing can be decoded, which can be used to decode password, so if you are typing random, secure passwords.
[C] The new approach employs methods developed for speech-recognition software to group together all the similar-sounding keystrokes in a recording, generating an alphabet of clicks.
[D] To protect against these sonic incursions, Dr. Tygar suggests a simple remedy: turn up the radio.
[E] The major advance here is that it no longer requires hours of training the model in order to create a usable mapping of key sounds to letters.
[F] And in contrast to many types of computer espionage, the process is simple, requiring only a cheap microphone and a desktop computer.
[G] Thus schooled, the software could still identify only 80% of the characters in a different transcript of the same typist on the same machine.