问题 综合题

农商之辩(26分)

材料一:国不农,则与诸侯争权不能自持(自保)也,则众力不足也。故诸侯挠其弱,乘其衰。……圣人知治国之要,故令民归心于农。归心于农则民朴而可正(治理)也,纷纷则易使也,信可以守战也。

——《商君书·农战》

(1)材料一的主张体现什么政策?(2分)结合时代背景说明些决策依据是什么?(2分)

材料二:“宋太祖乃尽收天下之利权归于官(中央),于是士大夫始必兼农桑(经济)之业,方得赡家,一切与古异矣。仕者既与小民争利,未仕者又必先有农桑之业方得给朝夕,以专事进取。于是货殖之事益急,商贾之势益重。

——(清)沈垚《落帆楼文集》

(2)关于宋朝商品经济发展的原因,除材料二的分析外,还可有哪些补充因素?(6分)

材料三 随着资本主义的发展,议会颁布的圈地法令与日俱增。……1660年,一些学者已创立了皇家学会,……伦敦成了欧洲的科技活动中心和近代实验科学的发源地。……1750年后,英国人口急剧增长。……而这期间的农业人口,却由工业革命前占总人口的75%,下降到1801年的35%。

——史钟文《世界近代中期经济史》

请回答:

(3)据材料三和所学知识,分析18世纪末英国工业化迅速发展的原因。(6分)

材料四:……1848年英国颁布了《公共卫生法》,1878年通过了《公共卫生条例》,至此英国基本上建立起了完整的水资源污染防治的法律体系。工人阶级提出了改善自己生活条件的要求,……也包括着改善公共卫生条件,消除环境污染等内容……。英国公共卫生体系的创立者查德威克,……用大量事实说明了环境污染造成的疾病流行,并提出了一系列对策。他们锲而不舍的努力,换来了环境的改善,使人们重新获得享有良好环境的权利。

——李宏图《英国工业革命时期的环境污染和治理》

(4)据材料四,概括英国环境得以治理的因素。这对我国现代化建设有何启示?(10分)

答案

(1)政策:重视农业(2分)

依据:春秋战国,诸侯争霸,兼并战争不断,重视农业,为争霸奠定物质基础(2分)

(2)原因:经济重心南移;政策的鼓励;科技进步,生产技术改进;对外贸易发展的刺激。(每答对1点得2分,总分不超过6分)

(3)原因:立法推动;圈地运动;重视科技;资本主义经济发展或工业革命(蒸汽机的运用)。(每答对1点得2分,共6分)

(4)原因:英国政府通过立法解决环境污染问题;社会各阶层的广泛参与和斗争促进了环境的治理和改善。(每点3分,共6分)

启示:坚持可持续发展战略;妥善处理好经济发展与人口、资源、环境之间的关系;在促进经济发展的同时要立法保护环境。(共4分,答对1点得2分,言之有理可酌情给分)

题目分析:(1)从材料“圣人知治国之要,故令民归心于农”可以看出材料一的主张体现了重农的思想。重农思想产生的时代背景是春秋时期生产力的发展,小农经济产生并且小农的作用日益重要。重视农业有利于争霸战争中取得主动地位。(2)材料二主要说的是重农抑商的思想政策,材料问题问的是材料说明的原因之外的原因。除此之外还有经济政策的刺激和经济重心的南移和对外贸易的作用等,这些都推动了宋朝经济的发展。(3)从材料“议会颁布的圈地法令与日俱增”可以看出英国实行圈地运动,推动了工业化的发展,此外,成立了皇家学会,重视科学的作用;从材料“而这期间的农业人口,却由工业革命前占总人口的75%,下降到1801年的35%”也可以分析的出英国的工业革命也推动了工业化的发展。(4)从材料“1848年英国颁布了《公共卫生法》,1878年通过了《公共卫生条例》”可以看出英国通过立法的方式治理环境污染,从材料“工人阶级提出了改善自己生活条件的要求”也可以看得出各个阶层的斗争也推动了环境的治理。给我们的启示是开放性的试题,言之有理即可。

填空题

Part 1


·Read the following passages, eight sentences have been removed from the article.
·Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap.
·For each gap (1-8) mark one letter (A-H) on the Answer Sheet.
Buzz Aldrin, the second man to walk on the Moon, is a long-time fan of space tourism. Aldrin climbed out of Apollo11 hot on the heels of Neil Armp in 1969. (1)
Together with scientists from Purdue University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the University of Texas, Aldrin is designing spacecrafts that would perpetually cruise between Earth and Mars. (2) "Some day, people will go to Mars on a regular basis," says team member James Longuski, a professor at Purdue. (3)
The average distance between Mars and Earth is 48 million miles. (4)
It sounds like a trip that would require a lot of fuel. According to the engineers, the cyclers may have a natural, renewable "fuel" supply: from the gravitational forces of the Sun, the planets, and their moons.
As a spacecraft travels close to a planet, its flight path is bent, causing it to whip around the planet and significantly increasing its speed (it’s as if the planet’s gravity gives the passing spacecraft a kick into space). (5) It’s not just science fiction: it might help us get Mars with very little fuel on board, in a journey that would take as little as six to eight months.
"The cycler is essentially in orbit around the Sun and makes regular flybys of Earth and Mars," says James Longuski. "Once you put your vehicle into a cycler orbit, it continues on its own momentum, going back and forth between Earth and Mars. (6)
When the cycler flies by Earth, it will be traveling at a speed of about 13,000 miles per hour.
(7) This is sort of like a bus that doesn’t stop," Longuski says. "When it comes by, you have to run alongside of it and grab on."
AIdrin and his group think that the first cycler could be on its way by as soon as 2018. (8) (It seems a long way off now, but it’s closer than you think!)
Fasten your seatbelts and make sure your seatback is in its upright position. Your flight to space may be departing soon.
  • A. These crafts, known as "cyclers", would ferry people and supplies between the two planets, enabling humans to colonize Mars — something that has long been dreamed about in science fiction.
  • B. Most people are convinced that we are going to do this; the only question is when.
  • C. So, if you’re in middle school now, you could be taking a trip to Mars by the time you’re in your thirties.
  • D. To get a sense of just how far this is, try doing this calculation: Given that there are 2,500 miles between New York and Los Angeles, how many times would you have to travel from NY to LA and back to cover the same distance’
  • E. Now, at the age of 72, Aldrin is working on a new project that could put more of his fellow humans in space — namely, on journeys to one of our most fascinating neighbors, Mars.
  • F. This is the "slingshot" trajectory that you may have seen in movies.
  • G. Space taxis will be needed to bring people from the surface of the planet to intercept the cycler.
  • H. You may need to carry some propellant for an occasional boost, but it’s pretty much a free trip after that.

单项选择题