问题 材料题

阅读材料回答问题

材料一:古先圣王之所以导其民者,先务于农。民农非徒为地利也,贵其志也。民农则朴,朴则易用,易用则边境安,主位尊。民农则重,重则少私义,少私义则公法立,力专一。民农则其产复,其产复则重徙,重徙则死处而无二虑。舍本而事末则不令,不令则不可以守,不可以战。民舍本而事末则其产约,其产约则轻迁徙,轻迁徙,则国家有患,皆有远志,无有居心。民舍本而事末则好智,好智则多诈,多诈则巧法令,以是为非,以非为是。

——《吕氏春秋·上农》

(1)材料一体现了什么经济政策?根据材料并结合所学知识分析这种政策对中国社会产生了哪些影响?

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材料二:1845年,福州官员奏称:洋货“冲积于夏口”。洋布、洋货“其质既美、其价复廉,民间之买洋布、洋棉者,十室二九。”因此,“江浙之棉布不复畅销”,“闵产之布土棉,不能出口。”“松太布市,削减大半,丝、茶出口日盛。”

(2)材料二反映了中国经济在近代出现了什么变化?结合所学知识,分析产生这种变化的经济原因。

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材料三:1910年,张謇说,根据《海关贸易关册》统计,中国进口商品中以棉货为最多,最高时值银1.8亿两,其次是铁货,值银4600余万两。因此,中国“实业亦必有的……何在?在棉铁,而棉尤宜先。”张謇十分重视农业的改革,他向朝廷奏请开办农会时说:“臣窃上溯三代,旁考四洲,凡有国家者,立国之本不在兵也,立国之本不在商也,在乎工与农,而农为尤要。盖农不生则工无所作,工不作则商无所鬻。”“天下之大本在农,今日之先务在商,不商则农无输产之功”。现在世界以大企业立国,而中国以公司法、破产法不备,故遂将此昙花一现之基础,至于今日,败坏不可收拾,断丧人民之企业心、合群心,耗散最可宝之资本,不一而足。……加以自今而后,经济潮流,横溢大地,中外合资经营之事,必日益增多。我无法律为之防,其危险将视无可得资为尤甚,故农林工商部第一计划即在立法。

——以上材料均出自《实业之梦——张謇传》

(3)根据上述材料概括张謇关于“实业救国”的主要主张。

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(4)结合所学知识,分析张謇“实业救国”主张对中国近代经济发展有何积极作用?在实践中又为何受挫?

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答案

(1)重农抑商政策。影响:一方面,在一定程度上有利于社会安定和封建统治;另一方面,使社会经济活力受到压抑;阻碍新的经济因素和生产方式的萌芽和发展。

(2)变化:中国自给自足的自然经济开始解体。中国逐渐成为资本主义经济的附庸。原因:①资本主义国家的商品输出②资本主义市场的逐步形成。

(3)振兴实业必须以棉、铁两种工业为中心;振兴农务的新农本思想;重视工商业的发展;加强经济立法对实业加以指导和保护。

(4)影响:促进中国民族资本主义的发展。一定程度上抵制外国资本主义的侵略。原因:中国民族工业是在帝国主义和封建主义夹缝中生存和曲折发展的。中国民族工业先天不足,后天畸形,资金少、规模小、技术力量薄弱,对封建主义和外国资本主义有严重的依赖性和妥协性。不推翻帝国主义和封建主义的统治,不改变中国社会的性质,民族工业就不可能真正得到发展。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     When David left college, he went to Australia. When he returned to England for a visit twenty years

 later, he decided to go back to his old college.  David was very glad when he found out that his old

 college teacher was still teaching there. He went to visit the old man,  and after they had an interesting

 talk,  the teacher went out to get something. While he was away, David saw an exam paper on the

 desk. He looked at the date on it and saw that it was given to the student a week ago. David picked the

 paper up and read it.

     When the teacher came back, David said to him, "Mr. Smith, I'm sure that these are exactly the same

 questions that you asked us in our exams twenty years ago! How is that possible?"

     "Yes, that's right," agreed the teacher. The questions are the same,   but the answers have changed."

1. David went to _____  after he left college.

    A. England                

    B. Australia

    C. another college        

    D. his teacher's office

2. David felt _____ when he found out that his college teacher was still teaching there.

    A. worried                

    B. sorry

    C. amazed                  

    D. happy

3. The students took the same exam _____.

    A. as David did twenty years ago

    B. when David' s teacher was away

    C. as David did a week ago

    D. when David read the paper

4. Can you guess why the teacher still used the same exam paper twenty years later?

    A. Times have changed, answers should change, too.

    B. Different students have different answers.

    C. The teacher tried to find an excuse for his being lazy.

    D. The exam paper was done by David and his classmates 20 years ago.

单项选择题