问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成小题。(25分)

一个不能忘记的人

刘重来

第二次鸦片战争以后,按照“外国商船可在长江各口岸往来”的条款,外国轮船在长江上触目可见,令国人深感屈辱。1925年10月,卢作孚邀约友人,集资创办民生实业公司,积极投入以经济实力夺回内河航运权的爱国斗争。公司成立之初,整个家当只有一艘载重量为70吨的小轮船,卢作孚就定下了“服务社会,便利人群,开发产业,富强国家”的公司宗旨,展现了他的强国宏愿。当时,长江上游航运正被外国轮船公司控制着,不多的几家中国轮船公司濒临破产,卢作孚采取“人弃我取,避实就虚”的方针,在从未行驶过轮船的嘉陵江上开辟新航线,并在管理上大胆改革,使公司站稳了脚跟,将航线从嘉陵江发展到了长江。从1930年开始,民生公司“化零为整”,逐步壮大实力,先后收购了大批中外轮船,并控制了长江上游航运,将曾经不可一世的外国轮船公司挤出了长江上游。经过多年拼搏,到1945年,民生公司“崛起于长江,争雄于列强”,不仅在长江沿线、中国沿海港口,而且在东南亚、美国、加拿大等地都有分支机构,成为当时中国最大的民营航运企业,卢作孚也被海内外誉为“中国船王”。

在抗战爆发、国难当头的时刻,他号召:“国家的抗战开始了,民生公司应该首先行动起来参加战争。”在他的指挥下,全体员工英勇投入到紧张、艰险的抗战运输中去。1938年10月,武汉失守,作为长江咽喉、入川门户的宜昌,聚集了大批难民和从沦陷区运来的大批航空器材、兵器及轻重工业机器设备,急待撤往大后方。但是,按照当时的实际运力,至少需要一年才能运完。还有40天就是长江枯水期,日本飞机不断轰炸,日军节节逼近,形势十分危急。在此关键时刻,卢作孚下令采用“三段航行法”,除了最重要的军用物资及不宜装卸的大型机器设备直运重庆外,其他物资一律分段运输,使航程缩短了一半或大半。硬是在长江枯水期到来之前,将全部难民和机器设备安全撤离宜昌。

卢作孚的另一项重要贡献是北碚乡村建设实验。1927年,卢作孚被任命为北碚峡防局局长。峡防局本来是一个主要针对盗匪的治安联防机构,但他却借此平台,提出“打破苟安的现局,创造理想的社会”的口号。与民国时期其他乡村建设实验不同,他明确提出“要将这一个国家现代化起来”,就要“赶快将这一个乡村现代化起来”。为此,他精心设计了北碚的“乡村现代化”蓝图,“以嘉陵江三峡为范围,以北碚为中心,要将嘉陵江三峡布置成一个生产的区域、文化的区域、游览的区域”,以供中国“小至乡村,大至国家的经营参考”。经过努力,这个昔日贫穷落后、偏僻闭塞、盗匪横行的小乡镇,终于建设成为“生产发展、文教事业发达、环境优美的重庆市郊重要城镇”。陶行知参观后说,北碚的建设“可谓将来如何建设新中国的缩影”。卢作孚也与晏阳初、梁漱溟一起,被称为“民国乡建三杰”。

(有删改)

相关链接

①最好的报酬是求仁得仁——建筑一个公园,便酬报你一个美好的公园;建设一个国家,便酬报你一个完整的国家。这是何等伟大而且可靠的报酬!它可以安慰你的灵魂,可以沉溺你的终身,可以感动无数人心,可以变更一个社会,乃至于社会的风气。(卢作孚《工作的报酬》)

②乡村建设在消极方面是要减轻人民的苦痛,在积极方面是要增进人民的幸福。造公众福,急公众难。……我们要做这样的事业,便要准备人、准备钱、准备东西、准备办法,尤其要许多人分工合作,继续不断地去办。(卢作孚《乡村建设的意义》)

③确立公众的良好秩序,完成一切物质基础的建设,提高人民的生活水准和文化水准,使国家成为一个本身健全的现代国家,尤为吾人必须全力趋赴的积极目的。(卢作孚《论中国战后建设》)

④卢作孚先生作为旧中国一位著名的爱国实业家,与张之洞、张謇、范旭东一起,曾被毛 * * 同志誉为旧中国实业界四个“不能忘记”的人物。(胡德平《发扬和借鉴老一辈民族实业家的精神和经验》)

小题1:下列对材料有关内容的分析和概括,最恰当的两项是(  )(5分)

A.外国轮船公司垄断长江航运,外国商船在长江上横冲直撞,气焰嚣张,这直接促使卢作孚决心创办中国人自己的航运公司。

B.为了赶在长江枯水期到来之前将全部难民和机器设备安全撤离宜昌,卢作孚下令一律采用“三段航行法”,实行分段运输,大大缩短了航程。

C.由于创办民生实业公司的辉煌成绩和完成抗战时期运输任务的卓越贡献,卢作孚不仅受到时人的称赞,也一直为后人所推重。

D.从北碚的建设实验中,卢作孚认识到,乡村建设固然需要人、财、物,需要实施办法,更需要动员各方面力量,分工合作,不断努力。E.在卢作孚看来,中国战后建设的首要目标就是减轻人民的痛苦,增进人民的幸福,造公众福,急公众难,并为此身体力行,全力趋赴。

小题2:胸怀强国愿望的卢作孚,是如何一步步成为“中国船王”的?请结合材料简要分析。(6分)

小题3:卢作孚被认为“民国乡建三杰”之一的原因是什么?请结合材料简要分析。(6分)

小题4:为什么卢作孚被誉为“不能忘记”的人?请结合材料,谈谈你的看法。(8分)

答案

小题1:答D给3分,答C给2分,答A给1分;答B、E不给分。

小题2:①采取“人弃我取,避实就虚”的方针,使民生公司的航运业务从嘉陵江扩展到长江;②化零为整,逐步控制长江上游航运;③在长江沿线、中国沿海港口及海外都建立分支机构,使民生公司成为中国当时最大的民营航运企业。

小题3:①精心设计北碚的乡村现代化蓝图;②把北碚建成生产发展、文教事业发达、环境优美的重庆市郊重要城镇;③以北碚的实验作为“小至乡村,大至国家的经营参考”。

小题4:①关心国家前途、民族命运的爱国者:提出“服务社会、便利人群、开发产业、富强国家”的强国宏愿,动员民生公司员工英勇抗战;②脚踏实地、勇于实践的实干家:创办民生实业公司,致力于北碚乡村建设;③具有现代意识的改革家:认为建设现代化国家的基本要求是建立良好秩序,注重基础建设,提高人民文化生活水平;④目标高远、不懈追求的理想主义者:把实现个人理想与改造社会有机结合起来。

题目分析:

小题1:A项,“外国轮船公司垄断长江航运”的说法不准确,原文是“长江上游航运正被外国轮船控制”。B项,“一律采用‘三段航行法’”错,文中说的是“除了最重要的……外,其他物资一律分段运输”。C项,“由于创办民生实业公司的辉煌成绩和完成抗战时期运输任务的卓越贡献”的说法不太全面,他的另一重要贡献是北碚乡村建设实验。D项,完全正确。E项,“首要目标”的说法错误。

题目分析:

小题2:解答本题应注意概括卢作孚在管理上大胆改革的措施,信息点集中在第一段,分点概括即可。

题目分析:

小题3:解答本题应重点概括卢作孚在“北碚乡村建设实验”方面所取得的成就,答案信息点集中在文章的第三段,分点概括即可。

题目分析:

小题4:解答本题要结合全文概括卢作孚的思想观点和所取得的杰出成就,题干中要求分析概括卢作孚“被誉为‘不能忘记’的人”的原因,应侧重从对人物身份的界定的角度概括,据此再概括相应的成就。

单项选择题

Ten thousand years ago, as the last ice age drew to a close, sea levels around the world were far lower than they are today. Much of the land under the North Sea and the English Channel was part of a huge region of forests and grassy plains. Then the climate gradually became warmer and the water trapped in glaciers and ice caps was released. This ancient land was submerged in the resulting deluge and all that remains to tell us that it was once lush and verdant— and inhabited — is the occasional stone tool, harpoon or mammoth tusk brought up from the sea bed by fishing boats.
Now the development of advanced sonar technology, known as bathymetry, is making it possible to study this flooded landscape in extraordinary detail. While previous devices have only been able to produce two-dimensional images, bathymetry makes use of computers, satellite positioning devices and special software to create accurate and remarkably detailed maps. For the first time an ancient river bed leaps out of the three-dimensional image, complete with rocky ledges rising up from the bottom of the valley. The sites of pre-historic settlements can now be pinpointed, and it is also possible to see in stunning detail the sunken shipwrecks that litter this part of the sea bed.
According to archaeologist Dr Linda Andrews, this technological development is of huge significance. "We now have the ability to map the sea bed as accurately as we can map dry land," she says. She is, however, scathing about the scale of government funding for such projects. "We have better images of Mars and Venus than of two-thirds of our own planet! In view of the fact that Britain is a maritime nation, and the sea has had such a massive influence on us, it’s an absolute scandal that we know so little about the area just off our shores!"
Once bathymetric techniques have identified sites where people might have built their homes and villages, divers could be sent down to investigate further. The idea of Britain as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by these findings: Britain has been inhabited for about 500,000 years, and for much of this time it has been linked on and off to continental Europe. It remains to be seen how far this new awareness is taken on board among our "island" people.
In fact, the use of bathymetry scanners will not be limited to the study of lost landscapes and ancient settlements. It will also be vital in finding shipwrecks. Records show that there are about 44,000 shipwrecks off the shores of Britain, but there is good reason to believe that the real figure is much higher. In addition, commercial applications are a real possibility. Aggregates for the construction industry are becoming increasingly expensive, and bathymetry scanners could be used to identify suitable sites for quarrying this material. However, mapping the sea bed will also identify places where rare plants and shellfish have their homes. Government legislation may prevent digging at such sites, either to extract material for a profit or to make the water deeper: there are plans to dredge parts of the English Channel to provide deeper waterways for massive container ships.

What is the most important aspect of the new scanning technique

A.(A) It can attract more government funding for mapping.

B.(B) It only requires the use of an echo sounder.

C.(C) It can measure the depth of the sea bed with accuracy.

D.(D) It reveals important details of underwater topography.

单项选择题