问题 填空题

某地有丰富的铝土矿和石灰石资源,拟用铝土矿(主要成分是Al2O3,还有少量的Fe2O3、SiO2)为原料冶炼铝,工艺流程如下图所示:

(1)原料A的名称是             ,可循环使用的物质的化学式式为             

(2)如果省去步骤①,即溶解铝土矿从直接加入B溶液开始,则最终会对氧化铝的生产产生的影响是       

(3)写步骤③的离子方程式             

(4)步骤⑤是在铝电解槽中进行,电解槽的两极材料均用石墨,写出阴极的电极反应方程式             

(5)工业常用阳极氧化法使铝的表面生成致密的氧化膜。如右图是铝阳极氧化实验装置图:a端是电源的        极。铝片表面形成氧化铝的原理是(用电极方程式表示)                (填“能”或“不能”)用较浓NaCl溶液代替20%H2SO4作电解液进行铝的阳极氧化,若不能,请说明理由        

答案

(1)盐酸(或硫酸)(1分)  CaCO3和NaOH(2分)

(2)生成的氧化铝中含有二氧化硅杂质(2分)

(3)2AlO2+CO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3↓+CO32(2分)(或AlO2+CO2+2H2OAl(OH)3↓+HCO3

(4)Al3+3eAl(2分)

(5)正(1分)   2Al-6e+3H2OAl2O3+6H(2分) 不能(1分)  若用NaCl溶液代替硫酸,阳极会有Cl放电产生Cl2,无法使其表面生成致密的氧化膜(其他合理答案均给分,2分) 

题目分析:(1)SiO2和盐酸不反应,Fe2O3和氢氧化钠不反应而氧化铝能反应,向偏铝酸钠中通入过量的二氧化碳可以生成氢氧化铝沉淀。由工艺流程可知步骤③通入的为二氧化碳,生成的沉淀为氢氧化铝,所以滤液②含有AlO2.步骤②应加入氢氧化钠除去铁离子,将铝离子转化为AlO2,所以滤液①中含有Al3,步骤①应为加入盐酸,除去SiO2

滤液①中含有Al3、Fe3、Cl、H等,加入氢氧化钠,除去铁离子、氢离子,将铝离子转化为AlO2,滤液2含有AlO2,Cl、Na、,通入二氧化碳将偏铝酸根离子转化为氢氧化铝,所以滤液3中的离子主要有Na、OH、Cl、HCO3,步骤③通入二氧化碳与AlO2反应生成的沉淀为氢氧化铝,反应化学方程式为NaAlO2+CO2+2H2O=Al(OH)3↓+NaHCO3,CaCO3CaO+CO2↑,氧化钙和水反应生成氢氧化钙,氢氧化钙和碳酸氢钠反应,NaHCO3+Ca(OH)2═CaCO3↓+NaOH+H2O,所以NaOH、CaCO3可再次被利用,即可循环使用。

(2)如果省去步骤①,即溶解铝土矿是从加入原料B开始,用NaOH溶液溶解铝土矿,则有部分SiO2溶解在NaOH溶液中生成硅酸钠,通入二氧化碳会生成硅酸沉淀,最后使加热制得的Al2O3混有SiO2杂质。

(3)步骤③通入二氧化碳与AlO2反应生成的沉淀为氢氧化铝,二氧化碳少量时离子方程式为2AlO2+CO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3↓+CO32,二氧化碳过量时离子方程式为AlO2+CO2+2H2OAl(OH)3↓+HCO3

(4)三氧化铝熔融时电离出O2和Al3,阳离子在阴极放电,所以阴极的电极反应方程式Al3+3eAl。

(5)电解池的阳极材料是铝时,则该电极反应是铝本身失电子的过程,即2Al-6e+3H2OAl2O3+6H,所以a端是电源的正极,阴极发生阳离子的得电子过程,在酸溶液中,为6H+6e3H2。 不能用较浓溶液代替20%H2SO4作电解液进行铝的阳极氧化,若用NaCl溶液代替硫酸,阳极会有Cl放电产生Cl2,无法使其表面生成致密的氧化膜(其他合理答案均给分,2分) 

单项选择题

Anyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spend only a few minutes with a baby eagerly learning to walk or a headp toddler starting to talk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several years later, around the start of middle or junior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often inseparately tied to their children’s success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So it is no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.
It’s not quite that simple. "Kids can be given the opportunities, but they can’t be forced," says Jaequelynne Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan who led a study examining what motivated first-and-seventh-graders in three school districts. Even so, a growing number of educators and psychologists do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students who don’t seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.
Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscience to teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. The message is that everything is within the kids’ control, that their intelligence is

malleable

.
Some experts say our education system, with its p emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into different levels of ability, also bears blame for the disappearance of drive in some kids. Some educators say it’s important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. "The crux of the issue is that many students experience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions," says Michael Nakkula, a Harvard education professor who runs a Boston-area mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future), which works to get low-income underachievers in touch with their aspirations. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to tell them the notion that classwork is irrelevant is not true, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious toddler, they need to understand that they have to learn to walk before they can run.

The word "bewildering" underlined in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.

A.puzzling

B.unbelievable

C.unpleasant

D.awkward

单项选择题