问题 问答题

从本世纪80年代初开始,由于联邦政府放松了对银行业产品和地理区域的管制,美国各银行企业的经营环境都发生了很大的变化。银行和金融服务中不断增强的竞争,以及迅猛发展的技术进步,都迫使各家银行改变经营战略,以实现利润和增长的双重目标。由于激烈竞争的缘故,存款与贷款之间的价值差缩小了,银行不能再通过简单地增加一笔存款或贷款而提高其利润水平。发放更多的新贷款也许只是为了维持存贷平衡,因为低质的贷款正变成坏账,使贷款损失猛增。一些银行并没有及时地意识到,为赢利性地展开竞争、避免破产,它们将不得不在金融服务行业的经营领域中寻得一席之地。他们必须着眼于总利润,而不能简单地看贷款额的增长幅度。这些变化迫使许多银行从经营战略的角度得出结论:组织需要变得更少集权,更加关注顾客需要,而且应与市场保持更紧密的联系;必须确定出能获利的产品市场领域,并在企业内组织专门的队伍,为那些能带来高利润的顾客提供营销服务。结果,从20世纪80年代以来,许多商业银行便开始重组,从职能型结构转变成按顾客类型和需要进行组织的事业部型体制。这些银行中很大一部分都由总经理(即与职能经理相对应的“总经理”)来领导各个事业部,事业部经理是直接为某一特定顾客群体提供服务的销售和营业人员。这些经理现在要为事业部的盈利和资产回报负责,而这也将在他们的个人收入上得到反映。确定了向事业部型和顾客驱动型结构转变的目标以后,各银行的领导者们便着手考虑如何变革组织结构,以便将可能发生的混乱减少到最低限度,同时又能获得各类群体员工的大力支持。因为所拟定的组织变革方案正使企业中的大多数员工感到某种精神上的不适应和利益上的受损害,所以,成功的组织变革就必须考虑采取一些对策和办法来克服阻力,使企业的员工了解自己应该为变革做些什么,并置身于这一变革行列中,推动变革的顺利实施。
银行业的许多领导者都认为,他们所涉及的组织变革问题需要自己投入尽可能多的时间。问题是如此重要,使得银行业的领导者们必须采取一种教育的策略,促进高层管理人员和一般员工都充分认识干扰企业运营的问题的严重性和紧迫性,只有这样,组织变革才会有成功的可能。而这种教育和认识自然地会引导企业采取参与的变革策略。有些银行还聘请了外部顾问担任他们的变革推动人。这些顾问人员在仔细审查变革计划时。常会问及高层管理人员一些平时难得考虑到的问题。顾问人员的“局外者”身份,使得他们能脱身于对企业持续运行看来似乎相当紧要的日常琐碎事务之外,看清企业所面临问题的本质。另外,顾问人员可以从高层领导者的合法权利中,以及他们自身在该领域的专家权力中,取得某种权威来推动变革的进程。在许多银行企业中,高层管理人员通常要花费两年时间与顾问人员和内部委员会仔细商讨诸如银行要在哪些领域开展经营,如何照此要求设立组织结构,以及如何在企业中尽快、尽可能有效地推进所需要的组织变革等等问题。两年以后,各组织层次的管理人员对企业重新确定的经营方针、经营领域、经营成功的关键因素以及将来需要采取的行动方案等都获得了较为全面的了解。这样,每个人都做好了变革的准备,并在激励之下去推行组织结构、管理系统和管理风格等方面所需的变革。采取教育和鼓励参与策略的银行领导者们发现,这些变革发动方式不仅有利于产生更好的决策,同时也有利于顺利地执行这些决策。因为投身其中的人们,都对竞争对手、市场顾客、银行自身的文化和运营能力等有了更好的了解。企业一旦作出了变革的决策,实际负责执行变革决策的管理人员乃至一般员工,他们已经是变革队伍中的一员,已经得到良好的激励去做所需要做的事情。尽管如此,当高层和中层管理人员开始将已达成共识的变革付诸实践的时候,他们中的许多人才发现,要让守旧的管理人员和一般员工改变其态度和行为并不容易。为使预想的变革得到理解、信任和执行,密切沟通、仔细调整作业流程及建立起有效的激励机制,这些手段就变得日益重要了。
文化是许多银行变革中的一个最大阻碍力量。这些银行的员工们已习惯地认为,他们工作的目的是为了更好地生活,他们工作的时间只能严格地从早上9点到下午5点。辞退,对他们来说是件新鲜而不受欢迎的事。

答案

参考答案:组织变革的成功不仅依赖于正确的组织设计方案的选定,更取决于他们对组织变革过程的一种卓有成效的管理和领导能力。该组织的组织变革是极为重要而且是非常必要的,但它绝对不是轻而易举的事情。

选择题

We bought a second-hand house, and that afternoon I was in the workshop of the gqrage,I noticed a part of a carpet sticking out of the ceiling of an attic(阁楼)that was strange, I found a ladder and headed up.

I climbed into the attic, As my eyes adjusted to the dark , I saw a metal container, I opened the lid and was shocked by  what I saw: several rolls of money tied up in orange string , I’ve found , like $800, Awesome!

But there was more than one box of money , I found another seven boxes full to the top, plus two big black bags full of cash, I won’t lie , My first thought was that this was a bleesing from God –the means to fix up this old house; or just to uxe to make life easier for our rwo young sons , who sere seven and four ,But I knew that the right thing was to return the money to the previous owners . So I called them and asked them to come.

They were shocked, of course, not only about the money but that I was returning it , They had recently got the house from their dad and said it must have been their dad who, had hidden the money, What made him do it? I thought about the hundreds of times he had bone to his shop, cut off a length of orange string ,and bound up a roll of money , I like to think he did it for his chileren .

There were balls of that ouange stuing still hanging on the wall of the workshop when we moved in ,I used them to tie up Christmas presents last year, for my kids , I hope it reminded them of the gift greater than money that my wife and I gave them by returning the money ,We did the right thing ,and our children will never forget that.

小题1:The story took place after         

A.the author got the house from his dad

B.the author bought the house

C.the previous owners hid the money

D.the author’s dad sold the house小题2:How many boxes of cash did the author discover in the attic?

A.One box

B.Two boxes

C.Seven boxes

D.Eight boxes小题3:What do we know about the money that the author found?

A.It would be used to fix the old house

B.It had been hidden in the house by thieves

C.No one was sure why it was lift in the house

D.It made the previous owners think of their mother小题4:What did the author put on the outside of his children’s Christmas gifts?

A.A roll of money

B.Balls

C.Tie-up orange string

D.Metal containers小题5:The text is mainly about a story of         

A.honesty

B.bravery

C.wisdom

D.love

问答题 简答题