问题 实验题

阅读下列材料,然后回答问题.

物理学中把具有流动性的液体和气体统称为流体.当流体处于流动状态时,其内部各处的压强有什么规律呢?

小明同学将如图甲所示的玻璃管装置按到水流稳定的自来水管上,当水在玻璃管中流

动时,可看到两个竖直管中液面的高度并不相同.从图中可以看出在A、B两处管的粗细不同,因而A处流速小,B处流速大,可见流体的压强与流速之间有着一定的关系.

接着,小明又自制了一个飞机机翼模型(如图),将其固定在托盘测力计上,在机翼模型的正前方用电扇迎面吹风,来模拟飞机飞行时的气流,比较机翼上下方气流压强的大小,进一步验证了上面的关系.

(1)由图甲所示的实验,可以得出流体的压强与流速之间有什么关系?答:                  

(2)在图乙所示的实验中,电扇转动后,托盘测力计的示数发牛了什么变化?答:             

(3)下列四种情形中,哪几种情形能够运上述的实验规律进行解释        

A.乒乓球运动员拉出的弧圈球能急速旋转而下沉

B.将氢气球放手后,它会漂向空中

C.直升飞机能够停在空中一定高度处

D.船舶航行时应避免两艘靠近的船并排前进

答案

(1)流速越大的位置压强越小;(2)托盘测力计的示数会减小;(3)AD.

题目分析:(1)甲图中,A管比较粗,B管较细.在流量一定时,管子越细,水的流速就越大.A处和B处得压强大小关系呢?由图可知,A管上方液柱高说明压强大,由此得出流体压强与流速的关系:流速越大的位置压强越小.

(2)电扇转动后,气流会流经飞机机翼模型,机翼模型上方凸空气通过的路程长,流速大,向下的压强小;机翼模型下方凹空气通过的路程短,流速小,向上的压强大,从而形成了一个向上的压强差,是托盘测力计的示数减小.

(3)氢气球的升空是由于受到空气的浮力;直升飞机是利用螺旋桨的运动对空气施加了一个向下的力,物体间力的作用是相互的,空气对螺旋桨施加了一个向上的力,将飞机托住.

弧圈球是利用球的急速转动带动空气的运动,是球的下方空气流速变大,压强减小,小与上方的气体压强,形成一个向下的压强差,是球急剧下沉.

船舶航行时若两艘靠的比较近且并排前进,两船之间的水流通道变窄,流速变大,压强变小,小于两船外侧的压强,形成向内的压强差,使船相撞.

点评:此题考查的是流体压强与流速关系在生活中的应用,容易出错的是有些同学不能分析出流体流速的变化情况,这是因为对生活常识的了解太少所致.

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Four girls were at the same school. They were good friends, so they often studied and played

together. They went to school every day by taxi.

     One day one of the girls said, "There is a test this morning. Let's go to school late. Then we won't

have to take the test." "What can we tell the teacher?" One of the girls said. "He'll be angry. We'll need

a good excuse."

     The girls thought for several moments, then one of them said, "Let's tell him that our taxi had a flat

tire (爆胎)." "That's a good idea," the other girls said. "We'll tell him that."

    They arrived at school an hour later. The test was finished.

    "Why are you late?" the teacher asked. "You miss the test." "Our taxi had a flat tire," one of the girls

said.

     The teacher thought for a moment, then he said, "Sit down, one of you in each corner of the room."

The four girls did this. Then the teacher said, "Write the answer to this question on a piece of paper:

Which tire was flat?"

1. The four girls went to school every day by ______.

A. bus

B. taxi

C. subway

2. There was ______ that morning.

A. a test

B. no classes

C. a trip

3. One day the four girls were late for school because ______.

A. they didn't like the teacher

B. there was a car accident

C. they planned to miss the test

4. We can know from the passage that the teacher ______.

A. thought they were good students

B. didn't believe what they said

C. gave his students too many tests

5. The four girls sat down as the teacher said like Picture ______.

  

      A              B              C

单项选择题