问题 简答题

古代的徽商主要指的是明清时期徽州府(今安徽省南部的黄山市)籍商人集团,它与北方的晋商构成明清时期雄踞南北的两大商人集团。

材料三:以下是史籍记载的明清时期徽商经营活动的一些情况:徽商又被人称为“儒商”。他们普遍受过儒学教育的熏陶,既重利又重义,以“买卖不成仁义在”、“宁奉法而折利,不饰智而求赢”、“人宁贸诈,吾宁贸信”作为经商活动的信条。徽商“出吴会(苏州),尽松江,走维杨,抵幽燕,以故贾之所入,视旁郡信厚”。徽商除从事商业贩卖外,还在江南苏杭等地投资兴办丝织、制茶、采矿等产业。清代徽商兴办的丝织工场织工达数百人之多。徽商荻利最大的是盐业。徽商通过结交官府权贵在南方许多地区获得食盐的专卖权,依靠垄断性经营获得巨额利润。

材料四:进入晚清,商业经营的外部条件发生了重大变化。徽商因恪守旧的经营传统日益走上衰败道路。与此同时新兴的江浙商人集团(又称江浙财阀)由于享受越来越多的商业特权而日益强大,最终取代徽商成为中国势力最强的商人集团。

(3)依据材料一和所学知识,指出明清时期徽商经营活动的特点及其产生的影响。(12分)

(4)依据材料二和所学知识,分析晚清时期徽商衰败的原因。(8分)

答案

(3)特点及影响:①信奉仁义诚信的商业道德,获得良好的社会信誉,有利于扩大市场销路。(4分)②从事长途贩运,获利丰厚;(2分)③投资兴办手工业,促进了资本主义萌芽的发展;(2分)④背靠官府,实行垄断性经营,对自身的壮大起了推动作用,但对于整个商业的发展产生了不利影响。(4分)

(4)原因:①西方资本主义的压迫;②失去了清政府的保护(或受到清政府的压迫);③江浙财阀的挤压;④自身没有适应形势改变旧的经营理念。(8分)

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     A survey was conducted in Shanghai where interviewees were asked if they wanted to be a factory worker. One percent of all peo ple interviewed said: "YES," Wang Hongjun, a technician, said, rai sing his voice for

impressive effect." But I can tell you, only a small part of that I percent are telling the truth."

     I've met colorful people like Wang all over China. They are cynical (玩世不恭的 ) yet warmhearted, plain

spoken but smart. And many of them are confined (局限于) to work in factories.

     Wang is a top technician but also represents manual factory workers, who are China's most important

natural resource. Their en- ergy is powering China's economic boom, and their muscle is turning the wheel of

the world's factory.

     But does their unskilled labor give their life meaning? At school, did they tell their friends:" When I grow up

I want to work in a factory making socks?" Did you?

     Factory work has always been a stepping-stone from farm life to the city and a modern life. It's been

happening for centuries, but today, with our space-age technology, it's outdated. Earning 1,200 yuan,( $169)

per month working in a factory is better than that on a farm, but as Wang points out, it's not a dream career.

There should be better ways to earn your rice.

     Many modern factories no longer have production line workers. Robots do the assembly (装配). People

just do the monitoring. In this age of technology, in which China is now working smarter and not just harder,

why are people still standing in production lines?

     But life is cheap in China. So why not continue to make use of the low-cost labor situation and keep the

economy growing fast, some entrepreneurs may ask.

      But have these businessmen ever labored in a factory?

1. How many people surveyed really like to be factory workers?

A. One percent.

B. Only a small part.

C. Only a small part of that one percent.

D. The writer didn't mention it.

2. Which is NOT the writer's opinion of factory workers?

A. Cynical.

B. Unimportant.

C. Warmhearted.

D. Plain spoken.

3. The writer uses _____ to begin the passage.

A. a lot of figures

B. many examples

C. some dialogue

D. the result of a survey

单项选择题