问题 实验题

用自由落体法验证机械能守恒定律的实验中:

(1)运用公式=mgh对实验条件的要求是              

(2)若实验中所用重物的质量m=1 kg.打点纸带如图所示,打点时间间隔为T="0.02" s,则记录B点时,重物速度vB=________m/s,重物动能Ek=________J,从开始下落起至B点时重物的重力势能减少量是__________J,由此可得出的结论是__________________________;(结果保留三位有效数字,g取9.8 m/s2)

(3)根据纸带算出相关各点的速度v,量出下落距离h,则以为纵轴、以h为横轴画出的图象应是下图中的(    )

答案

(1) 打第一个点时重物的速度为零 (2) 0.590  0.174   0.172   在实验误差范围内,重物的机械能守恒(3)C

题目分析:(1)用公式时,对纸带上起点的要求是重锤是从初速度为零开始,

(2)利用匀变速直线运动的推论

重锤的动能

从开始下落至B点,重锤的重力势能减少量

得出的结论是在误差允许范围内,重物下落的机械能守恒.

(3)利用图线处理数据,从理论角度物体自由下落过程中机械能守恒可以得出:,即;所以以为纵轴,以h为横轴画出的图线应是过原点的倾斜直线,也就是图中的C.

故选C.

点评:运用运动学公式和动能、重力势能的定义式解决问题是该实验的常规问题.要能够找出斜率和截距的物理意义,我们必须要从物理角度找出两个物理变量的关系表达式.利用图象问题结合数学知识处理物理数据是实验研究常用的方法.我们更多的研究直线图形,找出其直线的斜率和截距.

单项选择题
单项选择题

Industrial pollution is not only a problem for the countries of Europe and North America but also an extremely serious problem in some developing countries. For these countries, economic growth is a very important aim. They want to introduce industries, and so they put few controls on the industries which cause pollution.
Cubatao, an industrial town of 85 000 people in Brazil, is an example of the connection between industrial development and pollution. In 1954, Cubatao had no industry. Today it has more than twenty large factories, which produce many pollutants. The people of the town are suffering from the poisonous matter in their environment and the bad effects can be clearly seen. Birth shortcomings are extremely common. Among children and adults, lung problems are sometimes twelve times more common in Cubatao than in other places.
It is true that Brazil, like many other countries, has laws against pollution, but these laws are not enforced strictly enough. It is cheaper for companies to take no notice of the laws and pay the fines than to buy the expensive equipment that will reduce the pollution. It is clear, therefore, that economic growth is more important to the government than to the health of the workers. However, the responsibility does not completely lie with the Brazilian government. The example of Cubatao shows that international companies are not acting in a responsible way either. A number of the factories in the town are owned by large companies from France, Italy, and the US. They are doing things in Brazil that they would not be able to do at home. If they caused the same amount of pollution at home, they would be severely punished or even put out of business.

What is the author’s purpose in taking Cubatao as an example

A. To show that industry can develop very fast in developing countries.
B. To show that the pollution problem in Brazil is extremely serious.
C. To show that industrial growth can cause pollution problems for developing countries.
D. To show that pollution is killing many people and destroying the whole economy of Brazil.