问题 实验题

小昕所在的实验小组利用图a 所示的实验装置验证机械能守恒定律,打出的纸带如图b所示,O点速度为零,A、B、C、D、E、F是打出的连续的点,已知交流电的周期为T,BC间距离为s1,CD 间距离为s2,DE间距离为s3,EF间距离为s4

(1)对于该实验,以下说法正确的是:                    

A. 应该用天平测量重物的质量

B.应该用秒表测量重物下落的时间

C.选择重锤时,应该选择质量和体积都较大的

D.如果用电磁打点计时器,不能用4节干电池(一节干电池的电压为1.5V)供电,只能接4-6V的交流电源

E.在作匀速圆周运动的“神舟十号飞船”中,“王亚平”可以用图a装置来验证机械能守恒定律

F. 实验时,应该先闭合电源再松开纸带

G.实验时,要从几条打上点的纸带中挑选第一、第二两点之间的距离接近2cm且点迹清晰的纸带进行测量。

(2)小华所在的实验小组则用该实验装置来验证动能定理,若还知道当地的重力加速度为g,但纸带B之前的点(不包含B点)模糊不清,请用题目所给的条件,写出验证动能定理的符号表达式:                        (用题干所给的符号表示) 。实际上,在实验中总有重力所做的功       (动能的变化量)(填“> ,= ,<”),其原因是:                                 。

(3)小明所在的实验小组则用该实验装置,采用作图法来验证机械能守恒定律,如果以v2为纵轴,以h(h为各点到初始点O的距离)为横轴,下图ABCD选项中是四个同学根据实验数据绘出的v2—h图线,则正确的图像是:      ,根据正确的v2—h图线,该图线的斜率等于                 

(4)小红所在的实验小组则利用该实验装置打出的纸带,还测出当地的重力加速度,其符号表达式为 g=                      (用题干所给的符号表示)。

答案

(1)DF (2);>;由于重锤在下落过程中受到空气阻力及纸带和打点计时器之间存在摩擦阻力,阻力对重锤做负功,依动能定理:WG-Wf=ΔEK , 所以WG>ΔEK 。(3)C,当地重力加速度的2倍 (4)

题目分析:(1)在这个实验中,验证机械能守恒,即减少的势能与增加的动能之间的关系,由于都涉及到同一个物体的质量,所以A不需要。通过打点计时器记录物体运动规律,所以B不需要。体积不能太大,以防止阻力太大,对实验造成影响。在太空中物体处于完全失重,所以太空中该方法不能验证机械能守恒定律,所以答案为DF

(2)要计算出相应点的速度,以及重力势能变化量,设B点以后两点距离分别为s1,s2,s3,s4

例如从C、E点验证机械能守恒定律,,动能变化量为,因此要动能定理的表达式为。不管用纸带上那段去求,重力势能减少量总是大于动能增加量,原因是由于各种阻力做功(3)根据机械能守恒定律则,所以图像的斜率为2g

(4)根据,所以表达式为g=

点评:本题考察了验证机械能守恒定律的实验细节,数据测量等相关操作。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Mrs. Allen's husband died ten years ago when her son and daughter were still in high school. Mr. Allen

had left some money, and since Mrs. Allen had managed a bookstore before she was married, she took the

money and bought a shop in town. Later she moved the shop out to the shopping center.

     She was a pleasant woman; she worked hard and was well-informed about books, and so the bookstore

prospered (生意兴隆) and she was able to hire a friend to help her.

     Laura Barnes, Mrs. Allen's friend and assistant, was also a widow. She had some free time and the need

for a little extra-money, and so she took the job in the bookstore. She was too clever and friendly, and the

two women were well-known in the neighbourhood as "Mrs. A" and "Mrs. B".

1. How many people in all were there in the two women's families? _____.

A. At least 8

B. At least 7

C. At least 6

D. At least 4

2. The bookstore prospered _____.

A. after Mrs. Allen lost control of it

B. before Mrs. A got to know Mrs.

B C. because the two women had little housework to do

D. because Mrs. A became expert at management and threw herself into it

3. Why did Mrs. A hire Mrs. B? _____.

A. Mrs. B asked for very little pay

B. She believed that Mrs.

B was the very person to help her to improve management

C. Mrs. B was a friend of hers D. she was also that kind of woman like her

4. Which of the following is true? _____.

A. Mrs. A set up her bookshop in the shopping center

B. Mr. Allen was dead but Mr. Barnes alive

C. Mrs. A managed to set another bookstore with Mrs. B

D. The two children of Mrs. A were of the same age

单项选择题