问题 计算题

某同学用一个光滑的半圆形轨道和若干个大小相等、可视为质点的小球做了三个有趣的实验,轨道固定在竖直平面内,且两端同高。第一次,他将一个小球从离轨道最低点的竖直高度h处由静止沿轨道下滑(h远小于轨道半径),用秒表测得小球在轨道底部做往复运动的周期为T;第二次,他将小球A放在轨道的最低点,使另一个小球B从轨道最高点由静止沿轨道滑下并与底部的小球碰撞,结果小球B返回到原来高度的1/4,小球A也上滑到同样的高度;第三次,用三个质量之比为m1:m2:m3=5:3:2的小球做实验,如图所示,先将球m2m3放在轨道的最低点,球m1从某一高度由静止沿轨道下滑,它们碰后上升的最大高度分别为h1h2h3,不考虑之后的碰撞。设实验中小球间的碰撞均无能量损失。重力加速度为g。求:

(1)半圆形轨道的半径R

(2)第二次实验中两小球的质量之比mA:mB

(3)第三次实验中三个小球上升的最大高度之比h1:h2:h3

答案

解:(1)第一次实验中,小球的运动可以看做摆长为R的单摆,根据单摆周期公式有:

所以

(2)第二次实验中,球B从高为R处释放,设球B与球A碰撞前瞬间的速度大小为vB,碰撞后瞬间它们速度的大小分别为vB'vA。由题意知,球BA碰后达到的高度均为,根据机械能守恒定律有

所以

又根据动量守恒定律有

所以

(3)根据题意设球1、2、3的质量分别为5m、3m和2m。设球1与球2碰撞前后的速度分别为v1、v1',球2与球3碰撞前后的速度分别为v2、v2',球3与球2碰撞后的速度为v3。球1与球2碰撞过程中动量守恒,且机械能守恒,则有

      

解得

球2与球3碰撞过程中动量守恒,且机械能守恒,则有

解得

在三个小球的上升过程中,根据机械能守恒定律有

     

解得

完形填空
完型填空。
     From Monday to Friday most people are busy working or studying, but in the evenings and weekends they
are free and    1    themselves. Some watch television or go to the moives, other    2    sports. This is decided
by their own    3   .
     There are many different ways to spend our free time. Almost everyone has some kinds    4  , it may be
something from collecting stamps, to    5    model planes. Some hobbies are very expensive, but other don't
cost anything at all.
     I know a man who has coin collection worth several    6    dollers. A short time ago he bought a rare fifty-
cents piece which cost him $250! He was very happy about his collection and thought the price was all right.
On the other hand, my youngest brother collects match boxes, he was almost 600 of them, but I wonder    7   
 they are worth any money. However,    8    my brother, they are quite valuable. Nothing makes him happier
than to find a new match box for his collection.
     That's what a hobby means, I think. It is something we like to do in our    9    time just for of it. The value
in dollars is not important, but the pleasure it   10   us is.
( )1. A. love              
( )2. A. look like         
( )3. A. lives             
( )4. A. hobby             
( )5. A. make              
( )6. A. thousand          
( )7. A. that              
(     )8. A. to                
( )9. A. free              
( )10. A. takes          
B. work              
B. take care of        
B. interests        
B. thing               
B. making            
B. thousands            
B. if                  
B. on                 
B. busy            
B. gives            
C. enjoy           
C. think about       
C. jobs            
C. job             
C. makes            
C. thousands of          
C. what             
C. with           
C. holiday        
C. carries       
D. play          
D. take part in        
D. things         
D. way         
D. made             
D. thousand of                                
D. why             
D. in           
D. work          
D. shows         
单项选择题