问题 填空题

1912年的诺贝尔化学奖授予法国化学家V.Grignard,用于表彰他所发明的Grignard试剂(卤代烃基镁)广泛运用于有机合成中的巨大贡献。Grignard试剂的合成方法是:

生成的卤代烃基镁与具有羰基结构的化合物(醛、酮等)发生反应,再水解就能合成各种指定结构的醇:

现以2-丁烯和必要的无机物为原料合成E,进而合成一种分子式为C10H16O14的具有六元环的物质J,合成线路如下,H的一氯代物只有3种。

请按要求填空:

(1)F的结构简式是                           

(2)C+D→E的反应类型是            ,F→G的反应类型是           

(3)写出F转化为G时,可能得到的另一种和G具有相同官能团的有机物的结构简式:    ;G物质在氢原子的核磁共振谱中有        种峰。

(4)写出下列化学反应方程式(有机物请用结构简式表示):

A→B:                            

I→J:                            

(5)I和该二元酸除了能反应生成J外,还可以在一定条件下发生缩聚反应生成高聚物,试写出此高聚物的结构简式                         

答案

阅读理解

Expressions about water are almost as common as water itself. But many of the expressions using water have unpleasant meanings.

The expression “to be in hot water” is one of them. It is a very old expression. “Hot water” was used 500 years ago to mean being in trouble. One story says it got that meaning from the custom of throwing extremely hot water down on enemies attacking a castle.

That no longer happens. But we still get in “hot water”. When we are in “hot water”, we are in trouble. It can be any kind of trouble---serious or not so serious. A person who breaks a law can be in hot water with the police. A young boy can be in hot water with his mother if he walks in the house with dirty shoes.

Being in “deep water” is almost the same as being in hot water. When you are in deep water, you are in a difficult position. Imagine a person who cannot swim being thrown in water over his head. You are in deep water when you are facing a problem that you do not have the ability to solve. You can be in deep water, for example, if you invest in stocks without knowing anything about the stock market.

“To keep your head above water” is a colorful expression that means staying out of debt. A company seeks to keep its head above water during economic hard times. A man who loses his job tries to keep his head above water until he finds a new job.

“Water over the dam” is another expression about a past event. It is something that is finished. It cannot be changed. The expression comes from the idea that water that has flowed over a dam cannot be brought back again.

Another common expression, “to hold water”, is about the strength or weakness of an idea or opinion that you may be arguing about. It probably comes from a way of testing the condition of a container. If it can hold water, it is strong and has no holes in it. If your argument can hold water, it is strong and does not have any holes. If it does not hold water, then it is weak and not worth debating.

“Throwing cold water” also is an expression that deals with ideas or proposals. It means that one doesn’t like an idea. For example, you want to buy a new car because the old one has some problems. But your wife throws cold water on the idea because she says a new car costs too much.

This is our Special English program, WORDS AND THEIR STORIES. It was written by Marilyn Christiano. I’m Rich Kleinfeldt. See you next time.

小题1:According to the passage, expressions about water __________.

A.are very common

B.have unpleasant meanings

C.are very interesting

D.are easy to understand小题2:The expression “hot water” _________.

A.is not used nowadays

B.has a long history

C.means arguing with others

D.only means serious trouble小题3: Which of the following expressions have the similar meaning?

A.“Throwing cold water” and “deep water”

B.“Hot water” and “water over the dam”

C.“Deep water” and “water over the dam”

D.“Hot water” and “deep water”小题4: If you signed an agreement with Tom yesterday and want to change it now, Tom may say “_______”.

A.You should keep your head above water

B.You can’t throw cold water

C.It is water over the dam

D.Don’t be in deep water小题5: What would be the best title for the passage?

A.Water

B.Expressions about water

C.Several common expressions

D.Water and everyday English

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