问题 实验题

(8分)在探究物体的加速度与所受外力、质量的关系实验中,小车及车中的砝码质量用M表示,盘及盘中的砝码质量用m表示。

⑴当M与m的大小关系满足            时,才可以认为绳子对小车的拉力大小等于盘和砝码的重力。

⑵某一组同学先保持盘及盘中的砝码质量m一定来做实验,其具体操作步骤如下,以下做法正确的是________。

A.平衡摩擦力时,应将盘及盘中的砝码用细绳通过定滑轮系在小车上

B.每次改变小车的质量时,不需要重新平衡摩擦力

C.实验时,先放开小车,再接通打点计时器的电源

D.用天平测出m以及小车质量M,小车运动的加速度可直接用公式a=求出⑶另两组同学保持小车及车中的砝码质量M一定,探究加速度a与所受外力F的关系,由于他们操作不当,这两组同学得到的a-F关系图象分别如图1和图2所示,其原因分别是:图1:                    ;图2:                        .

答案

(1)m<<M;(2)B;(3)图1,m过大(或M过小),造成m不是远小于M;图2;没有平衡摩擦力或木板的倾角过小(每空2分)。

题目分析:(1)用钩码拉动小车滑动时,绳子间的拉力大小为F=,故只有当m<<M时,,我们才可以用钩码的重力当做拉动小车的外力;

(2)A中平衡摩擦力时,不应将盘及盘中的砝码用细绳通过定滑轮系在小车上,A不对;B中每次改变小车的质量时,不需要重新平衡摩擦力是正确的,因为小车的质量增加,其重力沿斜面向下的分力与摩擦力会同时增大,但始终是相等的;C中实验时,应该先再接通打点计时器,再放开纸带,C不对;D中小车运动的加速度是通过纸带测出的,不能直接用公式a= 求出,因为公式就说明了a与M的关系,而这正是我们要寻找的。

(3)由图1可以看出,随着拉力F的增大,即钩码质量的增大,其加速度逐渐变为不变的了,由于a=,说明是m过大(或M过小)而引起的;再由图2可知,当F必须有一定大小时,才能产生加速度,说明没有平衡摩擦力或木板的倾角过小而造成的。

阅读理解

“This one’s for you,” Sergeant (警官) Barstow shouted and left quickly through the back door. I was a little puzzled. I looked out a window of the Ashfordly Police Station and saw an elderly woman come into the building.

“Good morning, Madam,” I said.

“Good morning,” she said pleasantly. “You’re new, aren’t you?”

“Yes, Madam.”

“It’s about that man who’s been annoying me,” she said. “I’ve been here about him before.”

“Could I have your name and address, please?”  

“Miss Fraser. Josephine Fraser. I live at 43 Prince Terrace. Now, can you please do something about Jackson?”

“What’s he done, Miss Fraser?”

“Done? He’s thrown garbage all over my stairs again. He must be stopped.”

“Where does he live?”

“Next door, Number 41,” she said.  

“I’ll go and see later and warn him off, Miss Fraser.”

“I would be most grateful.” With that she left.

Half an hour later, I reached Prince Terrace. NO. 41 was in a bad state of repair. I knocked. No reply. I entered. The place was deserted. I wondered if the Jackson was a tramp (流浪者). Anyway, it seemed he had left, possibly because of Miss Fraser’s threatening police action. I decided to visit her.

I knocked on her door and it was opened almost immediately. “Ah!” she said gladly. “You’re just in time for coffee.” I followed her inside. Miss Fraser told me more about her battle with Jackson. But when I asked specific questions, it clearly showed that she had never seen Jackson. Finally, I managed to leave.

Sergeant Barstow smiled kindly as I returned. “Nick, did you kick(踢出) Jackson out of that house?”

“Jackson!” I cried. “Who is he?”

“There is no Jackson,” he said. “Miss Fraser is lonely and she likes company. We always let the new young men deal with Miss Fraser. It gives her deep satisfaction. That’s what we are here for, isn’t it — to satisfy the public?”

小题1:Why did Sergeant Barstow leave quickly when Miss Fraser came?

A.Because he wanted to let Nick deal with her alone.

B.Because he had to go and catch Jackson at once.

C.Because he was tired of the elderly woman.

D.Because he knew she would tell a lie.小题2:Miss Fraser told Nick that _____.

A.her neighbor had often caused her trouble

B.it was her first visit to the police station

C.she was looking for Sergeant Barstow

D.someone had broken into her house小题3:Miss Fraser made up the story of Jackson because _____.

A.she liked to play jokes on the policemen

B.she wanted to have someone to talk with

C.she loved to show others her nice coffee

D.she hated Jackson very much

单项选择题