问题 问答题 简答题

公司法人治理结构的立法模式(德、日、美三国公司治理机制的比较)

答案

参考答案:

(1)公司机关设置之比较。三国的共同点在于:一是都包括股东会和董事会;二是都确立了董事会中心主义。其区别在于,美国的股份有限公司不设监事会,而在董事会内部划分为经营董事和外部董事;德日两国都设有监事会,但是在德国监事会的地位和权力高于董事会,而在日本,监事会和董事会则是平行的机关,均由股东会选任和罢免。

(2)公司内部监督机制的比较。A、股东会的监督三国大同小异;B,再监察机构的设置上,美国在董事会内部设外部董事,由其执行监督职能,因此,美国的董事会具有自我监督和监督经理的职能。而德国和日本都由监事会执行监督职能;C,德国和日本都规定了撤消股东大会决议诉讼和股东代表诉讼。

(3)公司经营激励机制比较。允许经营阶层获得高额收入是三国的共同点。不同的是,三国决定经营阶层报酬的机关不同,美国由董事会决定,德国由监事会决定,而日本则由章程或股东大会决定。

(4)公司的外部约束机制之比较。美国由于股权非常分散兼且市场化程度较高,股东可以在证券市场上“用脚投票”,公司一旦经营不善,就可能被其他公司收购,因此,外部市场对公司经营阶层的作用十分重大。德国的股权集中程度非常高,而且职工持股比例也较高,因此德国主要依靠大股东的直接监督和职工的直接参与管理。在日本,由于银行是企业的最大股东,因而银行占据了主要监督地位。

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A Thirsty Planet


If you live in a city in North America or Europe, you have probably never thought much about water. Whenever you need some, you turn on the tap and there it is. Millions of people in other parts of the world are not so lucky. They have trouble getting enough clean water for their basic needs. This situation may soon become common all around the world, scientists believe. In fact, they say that the tack of clean water may be one of the biggest issues in the twenty-first century.
The reasons for this are clear. On the one hand, people are using more water than ever before. Over the last fifty years, the population of the world has more than doubled. So has the demand for water — for home use, for farming and for industry. On the other hand, supplies of clean water are disappearing. Many sources of surface water — such as rivers, lakes and streams — are too polluted and unhealthy for use as drinking water. This has forced more and more people to drill wells so they can get water from underground.
There are enormous amounts of water deep underground in lakes called aquifers. Until recently, scientists believed this groundwater was safe from pollution. Then, in 1980s, people in the Untied States began to find chemicals in their well water, and scientists took a closer look at what was happening. Weldon Spring, Missouri, for example, was the site of a bomb factory during World War Ⅱ. The factory was destroyed after the war, but poisonous chemicals remained on the ground. Very slowly, theses chemicals dripped down through the ground and into the aquifer. Once they did, however, the water from that aquifer was no longer drinkable.
It probably never will be drinkable again. Groundwater is not renewed regularly by the rain, like lake or river water. Thus, if a harmful chemical gets into an aquifer, it will stay there for a very long time. Furthermore, it is nearly impossible to remove all the water in an aquifer and clean out the pollutants.
Industrial sites like Weldon Spring are one cause of groundwater pollution. There are thousands of such sites in the Untied States alone, and many others around the world. Groundwater pollution is also caused by modem farming methods, which require the use of large amounts of chemicals in the fields. And finally, yet another important cause of groundwater pollution is waste. That includes solid waste thrown away in dumps and landfills, and also untreated human and animal waste.
The situation is indeed very serious. Fortunately, there are many aquifers and they are very large. Only a small number have been seriously damaged so far. But if the world does not want to go thirsty in the near future, further pollution must be prevented. Around the world, governments must make real changes in industry, agriculture and waste disposal.

If chemicals get into groundwater, ______.
A. it is not good to drink
B. people can drink it anyway
C. they can be removed
D. they will be washed away