问题 选择题

明代江南封建经济继续发展,但也潜伏着诸多的社会危机,对下表解读最正确的是

弘治、嘉靖年间江西的人口户数及朝廷在江西的征税统计表

时间人口户数官民田地山塘夏税米农桑丝折绢秋粮米
弘治年间

(1488-1505)

148.7万户399270顷

13亩余

86600

石余

3970

斤余

3175

匹余

2560270

石余

嘉靖年间

(1522)

130.3万户398566顷

35亩余

82965

石余

4264

斤余

3411

匹余

2576888

石余

A.明弘治、嘉靖年间农业税收方式未反映出商品经济发展的客观需求

B.明弘治、嘉靖年间江西人口减少政府税收也相应大幅削减

C.明弘治、嘉靖年间社会经济凋敝,农业衰退

D. 明弘治、嘉靖年间江西成为朝廷重要的税收来源地

答案

答案:A

题目分析:弘治、嘉靖年间江西的经济数据变化非常小,所以,B.明弘治、嘉靖年间江西人口减少政府税收也相应大幅削减和C.明弘治、嘉靖年间社会经济凋敝,农业衰退,说法都是错误的。数据只说了江西的数据,不是全国的。D. 明弘治、嘉靖年间江西成为朝廷重要的税收来源地,说法不对。故此题应选A项

点评:影响中国农耕经济向近代化变革的原因:(1)影响经济转型的制度性因素——土地私有制。中国封建社会最基本的土地制度是土地私有制,它成为封建专制统治的经济基础。土地私有制必然导致土地兼并土地兼并现象使得古代中国的农耕经济始终在低水平的状态下运行,很难实现社会经济财富的积累,无法使财富转化为商业资本。(2)影响经济转型的政策性因素——重农抑商,“海禁”与“闭关锁国”政策。重农抑商政策产生于战国时期,其目的在于鼓励农耕经济的发展,以促进国家财富的积累,服务于当时的兼并战争的需要。后来为历代王朝所沿用,成为古代中国的基本国策。但,到封建社会后期它强化了自给自足的自然经济,阻碍了社会进步。“海禁”与“闭关锁国”政策阻碍了国内资本主义萌芽的发展,使中国日渐脱离世界发展的大势,失去了利用国际贸易的优势地位开辟海外市场、刺激资本扩张、推进工业化的契机。(3)影响经济转型的经济结构因素——小农经济。古代中国经济是以小农经济为核心的自给自足的自然经济。其主要特点是封闭性、分散性等,不利于市场的发育。小农经济的生产主要满足自我消费和交纳赋税。由于沉着的赋税,小农经济无法实现量的积累,也无法实现农业经济的商品化。(4)影响经济转型的思想观念因素:自战国以来,古代中国以“农本”为立国经济思想,历代统治者始终对工商业采取压制政策,导致民间资本大量流向土地,而非用来经营工商业。

多项选择题


一般资料:某男,16岁,高一学生。自幼性格腼腆、胆小,不爱多说话,学习成绩一直很好。高中开始在外地借读,老家有个确定关系的女朋友。
案例介绍:春节回老家,去女朋友家单独见面,发生了接吻和拥抱的行为。回来后每晚都想着春节发生的事,躺下后睡不着,就想女朋友,产生了一些性幻想。觉得脑子里的这种想法不好,但是始终无法摆脱,每天晚上躺下后就不由自主地开始想男女之间的事。持续一个多月,学习成绩有所下降,跟女同学交往也不太自然。感到十分苦恼和焦虑,前来求助。
下面是一段咨询谈话:
心理咨询师:你说晚上想着女朋友,产生了性幻想和性冲动。
求助者:对。我觉得自己的内心深处已经产生了一种不好的现象。
心理咨询师:怎么不好
求助者:就是我感觉着这种想法是不对的。
心理咨询师:你觉得这种性幻想是不对的。
求助者:是啊。
心理咨询师:不对在哪里呢
求助者:每天想着这种事,对学习产生影响,心理上很有压力!每天夜深人静的时候就开始产生那种幻想,我想赶掉那种幻想,但怎么都摆脱不了,很痛苦,恨自己。
心理咨询师:就是说你会产生性幻想,你觉得是不对的。你希望把它从脑袋中赶出去,但是你做不到,是吗
求助者:就是。
心理咨询师:那么你这次来咨询的目的是什么呢
求助者:我想知道怎样去驱除我脑子里的这些幻想。
心理咨询师:你觉得其他男孩子在看到女孩子时会想些什么呢
求助者:我又不是别人,我怎么知道呢,再说这是个人隐私啊,朋友之间都不会说的。
心理咨询师:其实青春期的男孩子大多都会有性幻想。产生性冲动和性幻想是很正常的。
求助者:可我总觉得这种想法是可耻和不道德的,是一种罪恶。
心理咨询师:你觉得性是可耻的,这种想法是什么时候开始产生的呢
求助者:(沉默3分钟)好像是四五岁刚能记事的时候,和邻居家的小女孩一起玩耍,相互扒开对方的裤子看,被我妈妈看到了。妈妈打了我一顿,说以后不许再干这种“流氓”的事。
心理咨询师:噢,原来是这样。四五岁的小孩还不懂事,对自己和小朋友的生殖器感到好奇,互相观看,这是幼儿中常见的行为,但并不是真正意义上的性行为。你们当时想到结婚和性交了吗
求助者:当然没有。不过,我总是担心别人知道我内心的想法,说我下流。
心理咨询师:想法和行为是不同的,很多人都有性幻想,只要没有做出道德规范所不允许的行为,这些想法就是可以接受的。
求助者:你这么一说,我感觉轻松多了。

求助者心理问题产生的原因有( )。

A.早期的负性记忆

B.青春期生理发育

C.和女友的性经历

D.道德观念较淡薄

阅读理解

阅读理解

                     Father upset by Manchester school's 'Victorian' wall of shame

     Josie Robinson, who appeared on a so-called wall of shame at her school in south Manchester, was

in tears. Her father has hit out at the "Victorian" methods.

     Chorlton High School put up pictures of year 10 pupils who teachers believed had behaved badly.

Children singled out for praise were placed on the wall of fame. Its head teacher said the scheme (策划)

was designed to motivate pupils.

     Carlo Robinson, whose daughter Josie was put on the wall after missing lessons, wants to make a

complaint. The teenager had been missing school and turning up late because she was upset that her

mother was ill. She said: " I thought it was embarrassing."

    Mr Robinson added: "She was in tears. She couldn't tell me at first - it took her about an hour-because she wasn't sure what I would think of it. When she told me I was really shocked. I contacted at least 20

friends and they all agreed it was wrong - it's like Victorian times."

     Head teacher Andy Park said: "We've successfully used a similar scheme in the past with Year 11

students to incentivise pupils and it really did make a difference - pupils took it in the right spirit and were motivated by it to improve their performance. Obviously this latest scheme wasn't intended to cause

offence to pupils. It was actually developed to praise the students moving forwards successfully and to

support pupils who needed to make improvements. No parents have complained directly to the school

and I'd be very happy to meet with any parents to discuss further."

     Mr Robinson told the reporter he had contacted the school to schedule a meeting with the head

teacher.

1. What does Mr. Robinson mean by saying this is the "Victorian" methods?  

A. The methods ignore women's rights. 

B. The methods are totally out of time. 

C. The methods have a long history. 

D. The methods worked well in the past.

2. Why had Josie been missing school, according to her father? 

A. She got up late.

B. She hated the wall of shame. 

C. She wasn't on the wall of fame.

D. Her mother was not well.  

3. What does the underlined word "incentivise" most probably mean? 

A. To encourage.

B. To exchange. 

C. To hurt. D. To force.

4. What can we learn from the passage?  

A. The scheme proved successful before. 

B. Most students didn't take the scheme in the right spirit. 

C. Twenty other parents have similar complaints.

D. The school has apologized to Mr. Robinson.