问题 综合题

城市和商业的发展反映人类社会的进步。回答下列问题。

材料一 在我国古代城市形成的过程中,真正起关键作用的是统治阶级的政治、军事需要。据《春秋左传》所载,春秋时筑城原因不外以下三种:第一,大小诸侯的国都是政治中心,都须筑城;第二,各国纷争中须要在战略要地筑城;第三,统治者为达到某种政治目的而在一些地方筑城。……宋代以后,随着商业贸易的繁荣,城市的经济功能才逐渐增强,逐渐出现了纯粹经济功能的工商业市镇。

——摘编胡如雷《中国封建社会形态研究》

(1). 依据材料一指出中国古代早期城市兴起的原因,并说明古代城市在功能上有何变化。

材料二 北宋首都开封的商业街区分布和长安、洛阳明显不同,不再限定在“坊市”之内,而是分布在全城……。“每交易,动即千万,骇人闻见”。……城区有通宵营业的地方,形成夜市和晓市,如州桥夜市。……城市还有一种瓦子,集中着各种杂技、游艺、茶楼、酒馆,这种瓦子全城有五六处。开封城饭馆、酒楼非常多,全城有大酒楼72处,更多的是招待客商(住宿)的邸店……。

(2). 材料二描述了北宋城市发展的哪些现象?

材料三 晚清时期,天津从一个滨海要塞迅速发展为近代城市,为天津以后的发展打下了基础。现代学者研究认为,中国近代城市的兴起通常受到贸易、工业、交通等方面因素的影响。

晚清时期天津城市发展的部分重要事件

年份重要事件
1860年《北京条约》规定开放天津为通商口岸
1866年洋务派官员崇厚筹建天津机器局,制造枪炮弹药,后增建炼钢厂
1878年朱其昂建天津贻来牟机器磨坊,是早期的民族资本主义工业之一
1879年李鸿章建电报总局,是中国最早的电讯事业之一
1886年杨宗濂等人建天津自来火公司(火柴厂),属于民族资本主义工业
 

(3)依据材料三和相关史实,简要分析晚清时期天津发展为近代城市的原因。

答案

(1).原因:主要因为政治、军事的需要而兴建。变化:在古代城市发展中经济功能突显。

(2). 现象:商业活动不受地域限制;商业活动不受时间限制;商品交易量很大;许多娱乐场所出现;有大量服务性行业;出现许多流动人口。

(3). 天津成为通商口岸,中外贸易得到发展;天津近代工业比较发达(出现洋务企业、民族资本主义企业的创办);天津是港口城市,交通便利。

题目分析:第(1)问,“真正起关键作用的是统治阶级的政治、军事需要”“宋代以后,随着商业贸易的繁荣,城市的经济功能才逐渐增强”;第(2)问,“不再限定在“坊市”之内”“每交易,动即千万,骇人闻见”“城区有通宵营业的地方,形成夜市和晓市,如州桥夜市”“饭馆、酒楼非常多,全城有大酒楼72处,更多的是招待客商(住宿)的邸店”商业活动不受地域限制;商业活动不受时间限制;商品交易量很大;许多娱乐场所出现;有大量服务性行业;出现许多流动人口;第(3)问,要注意从自然社会两方面思考。

点评:影响古代商业发展的要素:商业的发展受到多种因素的制约:国家分裂动荡、自然经济影响加大,商业就会萧条;国家统一安定,商业就会繁荣。因此影响商业发展的要素有:政治局面是否稳定,农业、手工业发展程度,政府的决策与政策、内外交通是否便利、货币的统一和流通情况等。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Look! There are thousands of people waiting to buy tickets home in the railway station. Each time when

Spring Festival comes, buying tickets of train trip would be very hard. And things seem to be getting worse

and worse, although we have greatly increased the mileage of railway network and speeded up trains. Why?

It's because too many people want to go back home to spend Spring Festival with their family. Many people

become angry with the Ministry (部) of Railways.

     They wonder why it is hopeless for them to get the tickets from the railway station (火车站) Instead,

they sometimes can only buy them from ticket scalpers (票贩) at much higher price.

     The Ministry of Railways estimated (估计) that about 188 million passengers would travel by train during

the 40-day peak (高峰) period surrounding the 2009 Spring Festival holiday. The number of travelers will be

8% higher than that of 2008. This problem even drew the President Hu Jintao's attention. He wrote a note to

Liu Zhijun,Minister of the Ministry of Railways, asking him to take action to improve passenger convenience.

Afterward, officials from the Ministry of Railways said they would try their best not to let any ticket-buyers

spend Spring Festival at the railway station.

1. Many people can't buy the tickets from the railway station, and they sometimes can only buy them

    from the scalpers ________.

A. expensively

B. happily

C. dangerously

D. hardly

2. How many people took the train trip during the peak period surrounding the 2008 Spring Festival holiday?

A. About 203 million.

B. About 188 million.

C. About 180 million.

D. About 174 million.

3. What does the passage mainly tell us?

A. People go home much more easily during the Spring Festival.

B. It is very hard to buy tickets in the railway station during the Spring Festival.

C. President Hu Jintao cares about the railway building problem.

D. The Ministry of Railways felt sorry about the problem.

单项选择题