问题 填空题

(12分)今有分子量为58的几种有机物,试推断符合条件的有机物的分子式或结构简式

(1)若该有机物为烃,则分子式为   ,其中带有支链的同分异构体在核磁共振氢谱图中有      个吸收峰

(2)若该有机物是一种饱和一元脂肪醛,则其与新制氢氧化铜悬浊液在加热条件下反应的化学方程式为                                      

(3)若该有机物1mol能与足量银氨溶液作用可析出4molAg,则其结构简式为                    

(4)若该有机物能与金属钠反应,又能使溴的四氯化碳溶液褪色,则其结构简式为                      ,(注羟基连在双键上的有机物极不稳定)该物质生成高分子化合物的化学方程式为         

答案

(共12分)(1)C4H10    2 

(2)CH3CH2CHO+2Cu(OH)2+NaOHCu2O↓+CH3CH2COONa+3H2O

(3)OHC-CHO    

(4)CH2=CH-CH2OH  

题目分析:(1)由于――2,所以如果该有机物是烃,则应该是烷烃,分子式是C4H10;其中带有支链的同分异构体是异丁烷,在核磁共振氢谱图中有2个吸收峰。

(2)饱和一元脂肪醛的通式是CnH2nO,因此14n+16=58,解得n=3,即为丙醛,和新制氢氧化铜悬浊液在加热条件下反应的化学方程式为CH3CH2CHO+2Cu(OH)2+NaOHCu2O↓+CH3CH2COONa+3H2O。

(3)若该有机物1mol能与足量银氨溶液作用可析出4molAg,说明分子中含有2个醛基,因此应该是乙二醛,即结构简式是OHC-CHO。

(4)该有机物能与金属钠反应,说明含有羟基;又能使溴的四氯化碳溶液褪色,说明含有碳碳双键或碳碳三键。因此根据相对分子质量是58可知,应该是丙烯醇,即CH2=CH-CH2OH。碳碳双键能发生加聚反应,生成高分子化合物,反应的方程式是

点评:本题基础性强,侧重学生能力的考查。重点考查学生的灵活应变能力,该题的关键是掌握常见有机物中官能团的结构和性质以及常见有机物的通式。

阅读理解

阅读理解

     The main cause of a heart attack is not exercise or stress - it's air pollution, according to a study

published in The Lancet this month. Researchers found spending time in traffic, whether as a driver or a

pedestrian(行人), tops the list of risk factors that bring on a heart attack.

     Jon Ayres, professor of environmental and respiratory(呼吸的) medicine at the University of

Birmingham, says, "Air pollution is not only linked to strokes, heart attacks and cancer - it has a deep

effect on those with existing respiratory conditions." So how can you avoid the damage? We asked the

experts for their tips.

TAKE TO THE SIDE STREETS

     Avoid main roads. These have the highest number of vehicles and also more traffic jams, which tend to run on diesel(柴油). Diesel engines emit(排放) tiny particles(粒子) that reach the lungs most easily.

Choose side streets, pavements, parks and avenues lined with trees.

BUY SOME HOUSEPLANTS

     We spend 90 percent of our time inside, but studies by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have found that pollution levels can be two to five times higher indoors than outside. Objects such as synthetic(合成的) carpets, TV screens can emit chemicals called volatile organic compounds (VOC,挥发性有机化合物), which have been linked to diseases such as cancer. Researchers at Curtin University in Perth,

Australia, found an increase in asthma (哮喘) risk among children under three who had high VOC levels

in their homes. Therefore, the application of air fresheners and houseplants can keep the circulation of the

air and absorb the pollutants.

1. According to the first paragraph, what causes a heart attack mainly?

A. Exercise      

B. Stress   

C. Traffic      

D. Air pollution

2. For people's health, which of the following should NOT be chosen, according to the passage?

A. Side streets

B. Main streets

C. Pavements

D. Parks

3. From the last paragraph, we can infer that _______.

A. Pollution levels can be two to five times higher indoors than outside

B. Objects such as synthetic carpets, TV screens can not cause diseases

C. The risk of cancer is higher indoors than outside

D. The application of air fresheners and houseplants can keep the circulation of the air and absorb the pollutants

4. What is the passage mainly about?

A. Tips to avoid the damage of air pollution

B. Air pollution is the main cause of a heart attack

C. Air pollution is linked to strokes, heart attacks and cancer

D. Pollution levels can be two to five times higher indoors than outside

填空题