问题 填空题

有机物A为链烃类化合物,质谱图表明其相对分子质量为70,其相关反应如下图所示,其中A、B的结构中均含有2个—CH3,它们的核磁共振氢谱中均出现4个峰。

请回答:

(1)A的分子式为       

(2)B中所含的官能团为        ;C的结构简式为:                

(3)I的反应类型为                    

(4)写出反应Ⅰ的化学方程式:                                              

(5)请任写两种A的同分异构体的结构简式:                                     

(6)A的同分异构体中有一对互为顺反异构,且结构中有2个—CH3,它们的结构简式为

                                                          

答案

(共16分,除标注为1分的以外,其余每空2分)

(1)C5H10 (2)溴原子,(3)消去反应  

(4)

I:

(5)CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3、CH3CH=CHCH2CH3、CH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3、(CH3)2C=CHCH3(任写2个,每个结构简式2分)

(6)        (各1分)

题目分析:B可在NaOH乙醇溶液加热的条件下反应生成A,则A中含有含有碳碳双键。有机物A为链烃类化合物,质谱图表明其相对分子质量为70,根据70÷14=5可知,则A的分子式为C5H10。C氢溴酸反应生成B,则B的分子式为C5H11Br。由于A和B它们的核磁共振氢谱中均出现4个峰,说明含有4种不同的H原子。又因为结构中均含有2个—CH3,所以A的结构简式是(CH3)2CHCH=CH2,则B的结构简式是(CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br,C的结构简式是(CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH。

(1)由以上分析可知,A的分子式为C5H10

(2)B中所含的官能团为溴原子;C的结构简式为(CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH。

(3)反应Ⅰ为卤代烃的消去反应,反应的化学方程式是方程式为

(4)A是戊烯,其同分异构体有CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3、CH3CH=CHCH2CH3、CH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3、(CH3)2C=CHCH3

(5)有顺反异构且结构中有2个-CH3的A的同分异构体中碳碳双键上应连接两个不同的烃基,因此结构简式为)    

点评:该题是高考中的常见题型,属于中等难度的试题。试题贴近高考,综合性强,在注重对学生基础知识巩固与训练的同时,侧重对学生能力的培养与解题方法的指导和训练。该类试题能较全面地考查学生的有机化学基础知识和逻辑思维能力、创造思维能力,提高学生的应试能力和答题效率,也有利于培养学生的自学能力和知识的迁移能力。该题的关键是记住常见官能团的结构、性质以及官能团之间的相互转化,然后结合题意灵活运用即可。

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