问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成小题。

我怎么做起小说来

鲁 迅

我怎么做起小说来?——这来由,已经在《呐喊》的序文上,约略说过了。

自然,做起小说来,总不免自己有些主见的。例如,说到“为什么”做小说罢,我仍抱着十多年前的“启蒙主义”,以为必须是“为人生”,而且要改良这人生。我深恶先前的称小说为“闲书”,而且将“为艺术的艺术”,看作不过是“消闲”的新式的别号。所以我的取材,多采自病态社会的不幸的人们中,意思是在揭出病苦,引起疗救的注意。所以我力避行文的唠叨,只要觉得够将意思传给别人了,就宁可什么陪衬拖带也没有。中国旧戏上,没有背景,新年卖给孩子看的花纸上,只有主要的几个人(但现在的花纸却多有背景了),我深信对于我的目的,这方法是适宜的,所以我不去描写风月,对话也决不说到一大篇。

我做完之后,总要看两遍,自己觉得拗口的,就增删几个字,一定要它读得顺口;没有相宜的白话,宁可引古语,希望总有人会懂,只有自己懂得或连自己也不懂的生造出来的字句,是不大用的。这一节,许多批评家之中,只有一个人看出来了,但他称我为Stylist(文体家)。

所写的事迹,大抵有一点见过或听到过的缘由,但决不全用这事实,只是采取一端,加以改造,或生发开去,到足以几乎完全发表我的意思为止。人物的模特儿也一样,没有专用过一个人,往往嘴在浙江,脸在北京,衣服在山西,是一个拼凑起来的角色。有人说,我的那一篇是骂谁,某一篇又是骂谁,那是完全胡说的。

不过这样的写法,有一种困难,就是令人难以放下笔。一气写下去,这人物就逐渐活动起来,尽了他的任务。但倘有什么分心的事情来一打岔,放下许久之后再来写,性格也许就变了样,情景也会和先前所豫想的不同起来。例如我做的《不周山》,原意是在描写性的发动和创造,以至衰亡的,而中途去看报章,见了一位道学的批评家攻击情诗的文章,心里很不以为然,于是小说里就有一个小人物跑到女娲的两腿之间来,不但不必有,且将结构的宏大毁坏了。但这些处所,除了自己,大概没有人会觉到的,我们的批评大家成仿吾先生,还说这一篇做得最出色。

我想,如果专用一个人做骨干,就可以没有这弊病的,但自己没有试验过。

忘记是谁说的了,总之是,要极省俭的画出一个人的特点,最好是画他的眼睛。我以为这话是极对的,倘若画了全副的头发,即使细得逼真,也毫无意思。我常在学这一种方法,可惜学不好。

可省的处所,我决不硬添,做不出的时候,我也决不硬做,但这是因为我那时别有收入,不靠卖文为活的缘故,不能作为通例的。

以上,是十年前的事了,此后并无所作,也没有长进,编辑先生要我做一点这类的文章,怎么能呢。拉杂写来,不过如此而已。

三月五日灯下

小题1:下列关于“鲁迅创作小说的体会和经验”的理解,不正确的一项是(  )

A.鲁迅小说的语言力求文从字顺,不大用生硬的词语或生造的字句。

B.鲁迅小说塑造人物不拘囿在生活原型上,是拼接起来的形象,最终的目的是完全表达自己的意思。

C.画眼睛是鲁迅塑造人物形象的方法之一,鲁迅运用得极其成功,“学不好”是先生自己谦虚的评价。

D.鲁迅笔随意走、不硬写,自然成文,这是其小说语言简洁通畅的原因之一。小题2:下列表述不符合原文意思的一项是(  )

A.鲁迅创作小说不是想做文学家,而是想通过小说来教育民众,改造社会。

B.在中国的传统观念里,小说不算文学,是消闲品,鲁迅深不以为然。

C.鲁迅小说塑造人物形象是杂取种种,具有典型性,是“这一个”,不是专指某个人。

D.以一个人为主体描写人物,就一定可以一以贯之,不至于中间因停顿而走样。小题3:根据原文的信息,下列理解正确的一项是(  )

A.鲁迅小说不去描写风月,对话也决不说到一大篇,是遵从了苏轼“辞达意而已”的创作主张。

B.鲁迅追求语言通畅,不生造字句,这是鲁迅善于接受批评家意见,从而改进了语言表达方式的结果。

C.文中说“以上,是十年前的事了,此后并无所作,也没有长进”,由此可知,鲁迅评价自己是低调的,其人品如此,定会受人景仰。

D.从鲁迅小说刻画人物的创作的实践中,我们可以得出如下结论:画眼睛,是刻画人物的最佳途径。

答案

小题1:B

小题2:D

小题3:C

小题1:

题目分析:原文“到足以几乎完全发表我的意思为止”,这是记叙事迹要达到的目的,不是指描写人物。

小题2:

题目分析:D说得太绝对,原文有“我想”,这是作者的推想,不是既成事实。

小题3:

题目分析:A项鲁迅没在遵从苏轼的创作主张;B项推断强加因果,二者不存在这一关系;D项得不出这一必然结论,且与原文意思相去甚远。

阅读理解

FU Yuan has been left at home with his grandparents since he was one month old. His mom and dad left to work in Fujian Province. For the past eight years, Fu has only seen his parents three times although they send home 500 yuan every two or three months.

Fu Xiaoyu, 16, has had to live alone since her grandmother passed away three years ago. Her parents do not want to renounce their jobs at a clothing factory in Guangdong Province. Nor can they afford the cost of sending her to a school in the city where they work.

These are just two of the 29 kids that 16-year-olds Huang Ruoqing and Zhang Linna at Beijing No 4 High School talked with this summer in Guixiang Village in Sichuan Province.

What Huang and Zhang learned from their three-day visit shocked them. They wrote down all the kids’ stories in a moving 40-page essay filled with statistical charts.(统计表)

In the poor village with a population of 2,118 people, 582 adults have left to find work, leaving 156 children without parents. Among these so-called left-behind kids, 88 percent of them live with their grandparents, five percent live with uncles or aunts and seven percent have to live on their own.

To Huang and Zhang’s surprise, 80 percent of the children said they love going to school. Even

though, some children have to walk along the hilly roads for two hours to get there.

However, for this village’s students studying is not their first task. Housework, such as helping feed pigs or buffalos(水牛) and taking care of old grandparents, younger sisters or brothers, takes up a considerable amount of their time.

Despite having to work hard at home, over 65 percent of the young interviewees would prefer their parents’ stay away working rather than returning to live with them.

“These kids are understanding and considerate and know how important money is for their families. Their little wishes like having dinner with their parents inspire us never to take what we have had for granted,” Zhang said.

小题1:

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?

A.Fu Xiaoyu’s parents can’t earn enough money to send her to school.

B.Huang Ruoqing and Zhang Linna talked with 29 children this summer during their research.

C.Some left-behind kids live with uncles, aunts, or grandparents and others live by themselves.

D.More than half of the left-behind kids prefer their parents’ staying away working.小题2:

It is implied but not directly stated that    

A.Fu Yuan’s parents send him 500 yuan every 2 or 3 months

B.Huang Ruoqing and Zhang Linna wrote an essay according to the left-behind kids’ stories

C.Many left-behind kids love studying and going to school in spite of many hardships

D.The time that the left-behind kids spend on housework is more than that on study小题3:

What’s the exact meaning of the underlined word “renounce”in the second paragraph?

A.Keep

B.continue

C.give up

D.get小题4:

Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

A.Kids Are Left Alone

B.The True Story of Home Alone

C.Kids Miss Parents

D.Parents and Kids

单项选择题