问题 综合题

材料一 :生之有时而用之无度,则物力必屈……今背本而趋末,食者甚众,是天下之大残也……今驱民而归之农,皆著与本,使天下各食起力。末计游食之民转而缘南亩,则畜积足而人乐其所矣。             

————贾谊《论积贮疏》

材料二:世儒不察,以工商为末,妄议抑之。夫工固圣王之所欲来,商又使其愿出于途者,盖皆本也。                                 

———黄宗羲《明夷待访录》

(1)材料一、二是如何看待农业和商业的关系?(2分)各自的理由是什么?(2分)

(2)请从生产工具和生产技术两方面分别各举一例说明古代中国重农的表现(3分)

(3)尽管封建社会推行抑制工商业发展的政策,但手工业和商业还是取得了举世瞩目的成就。请各列举古代冶炼业、丝织业、陶瓷业的一项成就。(3分)

答案

⑴材料一认为农业和商业是矛盾的,农业为本商业为末。理由是农业可“使天下各食其力”、商业“游食之民甚众”。 材料二认为农工商皆为本。理由是认为“工固圣王之所欲来,商又使其愿出于途者”。 

(2)生产工具:汉代发明播种工具耧车。生产技术:北魏《齐民要术》记载推广绿肥种植和实行轮作,比西方早一千多年。

(3)冶炼业:魏晋南北朝时期发明灌钢法,钢的产量和质量大大提高。

丝织业:明清时期花楼机能织出画师设计的各种花纹。

陶瓷业:景德镇的青花瓷。

此题以中国古代的经济政策为命题的角度。重农抑商是中国古代传统的经济政策,在当时确立的时候有其积极性,但到了明清时期,随着商品经济的发展,再实行这一政策, 就不利于经济的发展,但是,维护自然经济,有利于地主阶级的统治。所以,统治者力图维护这一传统的经济政策。而随着商品经济的发展,一些知识分子也看到了传统经济政策的弊端,主张工商皆本。在中国古代,无论是农业,还是手工业,都有突出的成就。

选择题
阅读理解

From now on, never spend your precious time thinking of reasons for your failures and shortcomings. Instead, realize that the seeds of success were planted within you when you were born. Only you have the power to make those seeds grow.

The seeds, and the power to grow them, are contained in the most awesome machine ever created:the human mind. Success is a choice and not a chance. You were born a winner. You were born rich. You can be a success if only you make the right choice.

You cannot be successful without first developing your self-esteem. Your level of self-esteem is always based on the degree of control that you are able to exercise over yourself, and thus over your life. People with low self-esteem are people who do not believe that they have any power, or responsibility for their lives. They are the perennial(长期的) victims and martyrs. They are leaves tossed(摇摆) by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather.

You can exercise control over your life only to the degree that you believe that you are responsible for everything that happens in your life. Failures think that everything happens by accident and chance. Successful people realize that they are responsible.

Everything happens as a result of something. If we can identify the cause, we can control the effect. We are responsible for what we choose to think and believe. One generally rises to the level that one expects. We are responsible for setting our expectations. Our success is dependent upon our level of confidence.

If you associate with positive-thinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success. On the contrary, the opposite happens. We are responsible for finding, planting, and nurturing the seeds that contain future victory, born from setbacks.

In short, in all areas of your life, whether they be financial, physical, emotional, or spiritual, you are responsible. Once you recognize this, accept it, and firmly believe it, you are on the road to success.

小题1:People with low self-esteem are compared to leaves because they ______________  .

A.are ready to change their minds

B.are easily affected by windy weather

C.don’t have the power to face their fate

D.can’t exercise control over themselves小题2: Losers would think that       .

A.success is the result of hard work

B.working hard will lead to success

C.their failure is only because of bad luck

D.they don’t make efforts to succeed小题3:It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that       .

A.whether we will succeed depends on our attitudes

B.developing confidence is the key to future success

C.thoughts and beliefs are the result of creative mind

D.setting our expectations is essential before taking action小题4:The last paragraph serves as       .

A.the proof of the author’s points

B.the conclusion of the argument

C.an introduction to another topic

D.a comparison between two views小题5:Which is the best title for the text?

A.Success is a choice.

B.The secrets of success.

C.Develop our confidence.

D.How to achieve success.