问题 实验题

(11分)氯化钠是生活必需品,也是重要的化工原料。提纯含少量泥沙的粗盐,一般经过以下操作流程:

(1)操作①中必须用到的一种仪器是      (填序号)。

A.研钵       B.量筒       C.烧杯       D.试管

(2)小燕完成该实验部分操作过程如图所示,其有明显错误             (填字母序号)。

(3)操作⑤中容易造成食盐固体飞溅,为尽量减少飞溅,除连续搅拌外还可采取       

等措施。

(4)实验结束后称量获得的精盐,并计算精盐的制得率,发现制得率较低,其可能原因是        (填序号)。

A.食盐没有全部溶解即过滤           B.蒸发时食盐飞溅剧烈

C.蒸发后,所得精盐很潮湿         D.器皿上沾有的精盐没全部转移到称量纸上

(5)小燕查阅相关资料得知:粗盐中除含泥沙等不溶性杂质外,还含有少量的MgCl2、CaCl2等可溶性杂质;为了得到较纯净的氯化钠,小燕将除去泥沙的“精盐”又作了如下处理(假定杂质只有MgCl2、CaCl2两种):

①提供的试剂:Na2CO3溶液、K2CO3溶液、NaOH溶液、KOH溶液、饱和NaCl溶液。

从提供的试剂中选出a所代表的试剂是                          

②在滤液中加盐酸的作用是                      (用化学方程式表示)。

(6)井水中也因为含有较多的MgCl2、CaCl2而不能直接饮用,上海世博园内安装的“直饮水”机,采用“活性炭+超滤层+紫外线”净水工艺。活性炭在此起       作用。

(7)已知硫酸钠的溶解度随温度变化的曲线如右图所示。40℃时,100g蒸馏水中溶解    g

硫酸钠达到饱和。将该饱和溶液升高温度至90℃,

观察到的现象是                        

答案

(1)A   (2)AC (3)间歇加热(或“来回移动酒精灯或蒸发皿”)

(4)ABD   (5)①NaOH溶液、Na2CO3溶液 

②HCl+NaOH=NaCl+H2O  2HCl+Na2CO3=2NaCl+CO2↑+H2O

(6)吸附  (7)50  有固体析出

题目分析:(1)操作①将大颗粒的粗盐变为较细的粗盐,所以操作应为研磨,必须用到的仪器是研钵。应选A项。

(2)A中瓶塞没有倒放在桌面上,C中未用玻璃棒搅拌;所以应选AC。

(3)蒸发时,如局部温度过高会造成液体因受热不均而飞溅;除搅拌外,还可通过间歇加热(或“来回移动酒精灯或蒸发皿”)等方法来控制液体温度局部过高。

(4)A.食盐没有全部溶解即过滤会使得到的食盐减少,符合题意;B.蒸发时食盐飞溅剧烈,会使得到的食盐减少,符合题意;C.蒸发后,所得精盐很潮湿会使称得的质量偏大,不符合题意;D.器皿上沾有的精盐没全部转移到称量纸上,会使得到的食盐减少,符合题意;所以应选ABD。

(5)①为了得到较纯净的氯化钠,需要加入的物质能除去MgCl2、CaCl2;可用NaOH溶液与MgCl2反应生成氢氧化镁沉淀和氯化钠;可用Na2CO3溶液与CaCl2反应生成碳酸钙沉淀和氯化钠;然后再通过过滤除去生成的两种沉淀,加入盐酸调节溶液的PH为7即可。所以a所代表的试剂是NaOH溶液和Na2CO3溶液。

②为了完全除去MgCl2、CaCl2;加入的NaOH溶液和Na2CO3溶液需要过量;所以在滤液中加盐酸是为了除去过量的NaOH和Na2CO3;反应的化学方程式为:HCl+NaOH=NaCl+H2O、2HCl+Na2CO3=2NaCl+CO2↑+H2O。

(6)活性炭具有疏松多孔的结构,有较强的吸附性,可用于净水过程中吸附水中的异味和色素,起吸附作用。

(7)根据图像可知:40℃时,硫酸钠的溶解度为50g。即在40℃时,100g蒸馏水中溶解50g硫酸钠即达到饱和。

将该饱和溶液升高温度至90℃,原来的溶质会因硫酸钠的溶液度减小而析出。所以可观察到有固体析出。

单项选择题 A1型题
阅读理解

Tail Spin

Two dolphins race around in a big pool in the Ocean Park. The smaller dolphin Grace, shown off a few of her tricks, turning around and waving hello to the crowd. The most amazing thing about her, however, is that she’s even swimming at all. She doesn’t have a tail.

Grace lost her tail as a baby when she got caught up in a fish trap.

When the dolphin arrived at the Ocean Park in December 2005, she was fighting for her life. “Is she going to make it?” Her trainer, Abbey Stone, feared the worst. Grace did make it — but her tail didn’t. She ended up losing her flukes and the lower part of her peduncle.

Over the past six years, she has learned to swim without her tail. Dolphins swim by moving their flukes and peduncle up and down. Grace taught herself to move another way—like a fish! She pushed herself forward through the water by moving her peduncles from side to side.

The movement put harmful pressure on Grace’s backbone. So a company offered to create a man-made tail for her. The tail had to be strong enough to stay on Grace as she swam but soft enough that it wouldn’t hurt her.

The first time Grace wore the artificial tail. She soon shook it off and let it sink in the bottom of the pool. Now, she is still learning to use the tail. Some days she wears it for an hour at a time, others not at all. “The tail isn’t necessary for her to feel comfortable,” says Stone, “but it helps to keep that range of motion(动作) and build muscles(肌肉).”

Now, the dolphin is about to get an even happier ending. This month, Grace will star in Dolphin Tale, a film that focus on her rescue and recovery. Her progress has inspired more than just a new movie. Many people travel from near and far to meet her. Seeing Grace swim with her man-made tail gives people so much courage.

小题1:When Grace first arrived at the Ocean Park, her trainer worried about her .

A.physical build

B.potential ability

C.chance of survival

D.adaptation to the surroundings.小题2:A man-made tail is created for Grace to     .

A.let her recover faster

B.make her comfortable

C.adjust her way of swimming

D.help her perform better tricks小题3:The story of Grace inspires people to   .

A.stick to their dreams

B.treat animals friendly

C.treasure what they have

D.face difficulties bravely