阅读下面这篇文章，回答下列问题。

　　①如果不是母亲，我就不会有故乡。是她，这个四十六岁的高龄产妇，在1966年3月的一个下午把我带到故里。这之前，她曾生育三个女儿，两个存活，一个夭折。我是她最后的念想，是她强加给未来生活的全部意义，所以，不管是上山砍柴或是下田插秧，甚至于大雪茫茫的水利工地，她的身上总是有我。挖沟的时候我在她的背上，背石头的时候我在她的胸口。她对我加倍呵护，好像双手捧着一盏灯苗，生怕有半点闪失。

　　②因为不停地升学，这个小心呵护我的人，不得不眼睁睁地看着我离开她，越来越远，越来越远。为了挣钱供我读书，每到雨天，母亲就背着背篓半夜出门，赶在别人之前进入山林摘木耳。家里养的鸡全都拿来卖钱，一只也舍不得杀。猪喂肥了，一家伙卖掉，那是我第二个学期的路费、学费。母亲彻底想不到，供一个学生读书会要那么高的成本，但是她不服输，像魔术师那样从土地里变出芭蕉、魔芋、板栗、核桃、南瓜、李子、玉米和稻谷，凡是能换钱的农产品她都卖过，一分一分地挣，十元十元地给我寄，以至于我买的衣服会有红薯的味道，我买的球鞋理所当然散发稻谷气息。

　　③直到我领了工资，母亲才结束农村对城市的支援，稍微松了一口气。但这时的她，已经苍老得不敢照镜子了。她的头发白得像雪花，皮肤黑得像泥，脸上的皱纹是交错的村路，疲惫的眼睛是干水的池塘。每个月我都回村去看她，给她捎去吃的和穿的。

　　④后来，父亲过世了，我把母亲接到城市，以为故乡可以从我的脑海淡出。其实不然，母亲就像一本故乡的活字典，今天说交怀的稻田，明天说蓝淀塘的菜地，后天说代家湾的杉木。每一个土坎、每一株玉米都刻在她记忆的硬盘上，既不能删除也休想覆盖。一位曾经批斗过她的村民进城，她在不会说普通话的情况下，竟然问到那个村民的住处，把他请到家里来隆重招待。只要能听到故乡的一两则消息，她非常愿意忘记仇恨。谁家的母牛生崽了，她会笑上大半天，若是听到村里某位老人过世，她就躲到角落悄悄抹泪。

　　⑤有一天，这个高大的矮个子母亲忽然病倒，她铁一样的躯体终于抵挡不住时间的消耗，渐渐还原为肉身。从来不住院从来不吃药的她被医院强行收留，还做了化疗。她躺在病床上越缩越小，最后只剩下一副骨架。她昏过去又醒过来，即便痛成这样，嘴里喃喃的还是故乡的名字。临终前一晚，不知道她哪来的气力，忽地从床上坐起来，叫我姐连夜把她背回故乡。我何尝不想满足她的愿望，只是故里没有止痛针，没有标准的卫生所，更没有临时的抢救。因此，在她还有生命之前，我只能硬起心肠把她留在县城医院，完全忽略了她对故乡的依赖。

　　⑥母亲是在一场瓢泼的大雨中回归故乡的土地的。我怕雨水冷着她的身体，就在新堆的坟上盖了一块塑料布。当母亲彻底离开我之后，故乡猛地就直逼过来，显得那么强大那么安慰。故乡像我的外婆，终于把母亲抱在怀里。

　　⑦今年十月，我重返故乡，看见母亲已变成一片青草，铺在楠竹湾的田坎上。我抚摸着那片草地，认真地打量故乡，发觉天空比过去的蓝，树比过去的高，牛比过去的壮，山坡上的玉米棒子也比过去的长得大……曾经被我记忆按下“暂停”的村民，一个个都动起来，他们脸上的皱纹、头上的白发第一次那么醒目。我终于明白，故乡已经代替了我的母亲。有母亲的地方就能止痛疗伤，就能拴住漂泊动荡的心灵。（选自《天涯》有删改）

1．从全文看，文章开头“如果不是母亲，我就不会有故乡”一句有哪些作用？请具体说明。

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2．文中画线的两处，在修辞上有什么共同之处？它们各自又有怎样的表达效果？

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3．题目“故乡，您终于代替了我的母亲”的深刻含义。

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4．结合全文，简要分析作者对母亲的丰富情感。

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When she looked ahead, Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb(全身麻木). She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now, at age 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina Island to the California coast.

On that fourth of July morning in 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense she could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised toward her lone figure, only to be driven away by rifle shots. Against the cold sea, she struggled on ---- hour after hour ---- while millions watched on national television.

Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and her trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasn't much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had … until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out.

She told a reporter hour later, "Look, I'm not excusing myself, but if I could have seen land I might have made it." It was not tiredness or even the cold water that defeated her. It was the fog. She was unable to see her goal.

Two months later, she tried again. This time, despite the same dense fog, she swam with her goal clearly pictured in her mind. She knew that somewhere behind that fog was land and this time she made it! Florence Chadwick became the first woman to swim the Catalina Channel, eclipsing(超出) the men's record by two hours!

44. Florence Chadwick was the first woman to swim across ________.

A.the English Channel             B.the Catalina Channel  

C.the California coast              D.Catalina Island

45. Florence failed on her first trial mainly because of _______.

A. the sharks     B. the tiredness      C. the cold water     D. the bad weather

46. The underlined word “then” in this passage refers to the period when _______.

A. she had swum nearly sixteen hours           B. sharks swam toward her

C. she couldn’t see her support boats          D. millions of people watched her on TV

47. We can infer from the passage that it was ______ that resulted in her success.

A. her family’s encouragement            B. her iron will 

C. her swimming skills 　                D. the good weather