问题 填空题

氮及其化合物在工农业生产、生活中有着重要作用。

(1)在T℃时,将0.6molH2和0.4molN2置于容积为2 L的密闭容器中(压强为mPa)发生反应:3H2+N22NH3 △H<0。若保持温度不变,某兴趣小组同学测得反应过程中容器内压强随时间变化如图所示:8 min内分钟NH3的平均生成速率为   mol·L-1·min-1

(2)仍在T℃时,将0.6molH2和0.4molN2置于一容积可变的密闭容 器中。

①下列各项能说明该反应已达到平衡状态的是      (填序号)。

a.容器内N2、H2、NH3的浓度之比为l:3:2

b.3v(N2)=v(H2)

c.3v(H2)=2v(NH3)

d.混合气体的密度保持不变

e.容器中气体的平均相对分子质量不随时间而变化

②该条件下达到平衡时NH3的体积分数与题(1)条件下NH3的体积分数相比          (填“变大”“变小”或“不变”)。

③达到平衡后,改变某一条件使反应速率发生了如图所示的变化,改 变的条件可能是         

a.升高温度,同时加压

b.降低温度,同时减压

c.保持温度、压强不变,增大反应物浓度

d.保持温度、压强不变,减小生成物浓度

(3)硝酸厂的尾气含有氮氧化物,不经处理直接排放将污染空气。   氨气能将氮氧化物还原为氮气和水,其反应机理为:

2NH3(g)+5NO2(g)=7NO(g)+3H2O(g)  H=-akJ·mol-1

4NH3(g)+6NO(g)=5N2(g)+6H2O(g) H=-bkJ·mol-1

则NH3直接将NO2还原为N2的热化学方程式为:              

若标准状况下NO与NO2混合气体40.32L被足量氨水完全吸收,产生标准状况下氮气42.56L。该混合气体中NO与NO2的体积之比为       

答案

(1)0.0125;(2)①bde;②变大;③c;

(3)8NH3(g)+6NO2(g)=7N2(g)+12H2O(g)  △H=—(6a+7b)/5kJ·mol-1;1:2。

题目分析:(1)分析题给图像知,反应体系中的压强由起始状态的m变为平衡状态的0.8m,根据阿伏加德罗定律:在等温等容的条件下,气体的压强之比等于气体的物质的量之比知,容器内气体的总物质的量为反应前的1.0mol变为平衡后的0.8mol,气体的物质的量减少0.2mol;结合反应3H2+N22NH3利用差量法分析知,生成气体减少的物质的量与生产氨气的物质的量的相等,为0.2mol,根据公式v=△n/V△t计算得8 min内分钟NH3的平均生成速率为0.0125mol·L-1·min-1;(2)① a.平衡时N2、H2、NH3的浓度之比不一定为l:3:2,错误;b.由3v(N2)=v(H2)得v(N2):v(H2)=1:3,等于化学计量数之比,正确;c.由3v(H2)=2v(NH3)得v(H2):v(NH3)=2:3,不等于化学计量数之比,错误;d.由于反应在容积可变的密闭容器中进行,混合气体的密度随反应的进行不断变化,当其保持不变时已达平衡,正确;e.容器中气体的平均相对分子质量不随时间而变化,已达平衡,正确,选bde;②合成氨的反应正向为气体物质的量减小的反应,等温等压条件下达到平衡与等温等容条件下达到平衡相比,相当于缩小容器的体积,平衡正向移动,NH3的体积分数变大;③a.升高温度,同时加压,v、v同时增大,与图像不符,错误;b.降低温度,同时减压,v、v同时减小,与图像不符,错误;c.保持温度、压强不变,向容器内充入氮气或氢气来增大反应物浓度,v增大,容器内气体物质的量增大,为保持压强不变,容器体积增大,氨气浓度减小,v减小,达平衡后速率可能比原平衡大,正确;d.保持温度、压强不变,从容器内分离出氨气来减小生成物浓度,v减小,容器内气体物质的量减小,为保持压强不变,容器体积减小,反应物浓度增大,v增大,根据等效平衡知识知,达平衡后速率与原平衡相等,与图像不符,错误,选c;(3)根据反应①2NH3(g)+5NO2(g)=7NO(g)+3H2O(g)  △H=-akJ·mol-1

②4NH3(g)+6NO(g)=5N2(g)+6H2O(g) △H=-bkJ·mol-1利用盖斯定律:(①×6+②×7)÷5得NH3直接将NO2还原为N2的热化学方程式为:③8NH3(g)+6NO2(g)=7N2(g)+12H2O(g)  △H=—(6a+7b)/5kJ·mol-1;根据反应②和③列方程组计算;设NO的物质的量为x,NO2的物质的量为y,根据题意知,x+y=40.32/22.4mol=1.8mol,5/6x+7/6y=42.56/22.4mol=1.9mol解得x=0.6mol,y=1.2mol;则该混合气体中NO与NO2的体积之比为1:2。

选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解

     Sometimes children do not do what their parents tell them to do. When this happens, a parent tries to

help the child to do the right thing. When this does not work, the parent usually punishes the child.

     There are many things that a parent can do. One thing that people have done is to spank (打屁股) the child. When a parent spanks a child, they will use their hand or a hard object to strike them on their

bottom. This is meant to show the child that they have done something wrong.

     One parent remembers being spanked when he was a child. His parents used a wooden spoon. When he spanked his own children with his hand, he saw that he put a red mark on his child's leg. He never did

that again.

     One problem with spanking is that it teaches the child to hit someone when they do not like what the

other person is doing. Another problem with spanking is that the parent is usually angry and can hit the

child too hard. Sometimes parents will use spanking for everything and not try other ways to get the child

to do the right thing.

     Many parents are not sure of what to do instead of spanking. Some people think that their religion(宗教)tells them that spanking is okay. Some think that the law lets them do it. The courts (法院) say that

parents have the right to teach their children how to behave.

     Other things should be tried before a parent decides to spank a child. Telling the child exactly what is

wanted from them can be one thing. Giving a child more than one choice is another thing that can be tried. Getting down to the child's level and taking a more child-friendly approach (方法) can help as well.

1. According to the passage, when children do something wrong, one thing that parents usually do to

punish them is to ________.

A. strike them on the bottom

B. try to help them do the right thing

C. teach them what to do

D. take them to court

2. Which of the following is NOT the problem caused by spanking?

A. It teaches the child to hit others when they offend him or her.

B. The parent may get angry and hit the child too hard.

C. Sometimes parents may use spanking for everything.

D. It makes parents try other ways to make the child do right.

3. Which of the following can best describe the writer's attitude towards spanking?

A. favorable (赞同的)

B. indifferent (不关心)

C. interested

D. unfavorable

4. From this passage, we can conclude that ________.

A. Good children always do the right thing.

B. Parents should try their best to avoid spanking their children.

C. Parents have no choice but to spank their children when they do something wrong.

D. Children can have more than one choice to avoid being spanked.