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William Herschel was born on November 15th, 1738 in Hanover in a family of musicians. In 1757,he fled to England and began earning a living as an organist and later composer and conductor. In 1772, he convinced his sister Caroline to join him as a singer. In their spare time the brother-sister team became occupied in astronomy. William died at his home in Slough, near Windsor on August 25th,1822,and Caroline on September 1st,1848.

Herschel’s first major discoveries were to show that Mars and Jupiter exhibit axial rotation(绕轴自转). Herschel struck fame in 1781,when on March 13th he discovered the planet Uranus(天王星) while engaged in work aimed at determining stellar parallax(恒星视差).This being the first new planet discovered since ancient times, Herschel, until then a mere amateur astronomer relatively unknown even in England, became world-famous. Adopting a historically proven strategy, Herschel named the new planet Georgium Sidum,in honor of the then ruling English king GeorgeⅢ. The trick worked once again, as King GeorgeⅢ gave William and Caroline the titles of“The King’s Astronomer”and“Assistant to the King’s Astronomer”, an honor which came with a life’s pension for both. In 1782 they moved to Bath, and shortly thereafter to Slough, and from this point on William and Caroline could devote themselves entirely to astronomy. The Herschels went on to discover two moons of Uranus in 1787.

While Caroline became increasingly occupied with the search for comets at which she was quite successful, William became for a time interested in the Sun. Inspired by Wilson’s 1774 work, he put forth the theory of sunspots(太阳黑子),an opinion that continued to exist well into the nineteenth century. In 1800,he became interested in the solar spectrum(太阳光谱),and uncovered the first evidence for solar energy output outside of the visible spectrum, in what is now known as the infrared(红外线).In 1801, he published two papers that effectively started the field of solar influences on Earth’s weather.

小题1:Herschel made himself known to the world mainly by       .

A．discovering the planet Uranus

B．determining stellar parallax

C．discovering two moons of Uranus

D．uncovering the evidence for the infrared小题2:It can be inferred from the passage that George Ⅲ        .

A．liked science and technology

B．liked Herschel’s naming of the new planet

C．was interested in astronomy

D．gave Herschel a lot of useful suggestions小题3:What do we know about Caroline from the passage?

A．She was successful in music.

B．She was given the title of“The King’s Astronomer”.

C．She died later than her brother.

D．She published two papers.小题4:This passage mainly tells readers        .

A．some information about Herschel and his sister

B．how Herschel and his sister discovered the planet Uranus

C．Herschel and Caroline got along well with each other

D．Herschel and Caroline’s major scientific publications

答案

小题1:A

小题2:B

小题3:C

小题4:A

题目分析：文章大意：本文主要介绍了William Herschel的生平。他从小喜欢音乐，并创建乐队，邀请他的妹妹参加。天文研究仅仅是他们的额业余爱好，天王星而世界闻名，并受到国王的接见。

小题1:A 细节题。根据文章第二段的Herschel struck fame in 1781,when on March 13th he discovered the planet Uranus(天王星)可知Herschel 是因为自己发现天王星而闻名世界的，故A正确。

小题2:B 推断题。根据文章第二段的Herschel named the new planet Georgium Sidum, in honor of the then ruling English king GeorgeⅢ. The trick worked once again, as King GeorgeⅢ gave William and Caroline the titles of“The King’s Astronomer”and“Assistant to the King’s Astronomer”, an honor which came with a life’s pension可知B正确。

小题3:C 细节题。根据第一段的In 1772, he convinced his sister Caroline to join him as a singer. In their spare time the brother-sister team became occupied in astronomy可知他们哥妹之间关系融洽，故C正确。

小题4:A 概括题。通读全文，本文主要介绍了William Herschel和他的妹妹进行的科学发现，可知选A。

单项选择题

最多见的直肠肛管周围脓肿是

A．坐骨直肠窝脓肿
B．直肠黏膜下脓肿
C．肛门周围脓肿
D．骨盆直肠窝脓肿
E．直肠后间隙脓肿
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单项选择题

Almost everyone agrees that America’s health-care system has the incentives all wrong. Under the present system, doctors and hospitals get paid for doing more, even if added tests, operations and procedures have little chance of improving patients’ health. So what happens when someone proposes that we alter the incentives to reward better care, not more care Well, Rep. Paul Ryan and Republicans found out. No surprise: Democrats slammed them for "ending Medicare as we know it. "

This predictably partisan reaction preying upon the anxieties of retirees—must depress anyone who cares about the country’s future. It is only a slight exaggeration to say that unless we end Medicare "as we know it," America "as we know it" will end. Spiraling health spending is the crux of our federal budget problem. In 1965—the year Congress created Medicare and Medicaid—health spending was 2.6 percent of the budget. In 2010, it was 26.5 percent. The Obama administration estimates it will be 30.3 percent in 2016. By contrast, defense spending is about 20 percent; scientific research and development is 4 percent.

Uncontrolled health spending isn’t simply crowding out other government programs; it’s also dampening overall living standards. Health economists Michael Chernew, Richard Hirth and David Cutler recently reported that higher health costs consumed 35.7 percent of the increase in per capita income from 1999 to 2007. They also project that, under reasonable assumptions, it could absorb half or more of the gain between now and 2083.

Ryan proposes to change that. Beginning in 2022, new (not existing) Medicare beneficiaries would receive a voucher, valued initially at about $ 8,000. The theory is simple. Suddenly empowered, Medicare beneficiaries would shop for lowest-cost, highest-quality insurance plans providing a required package of benefits. The health-care delivery system would be forced to restructure by reducing costs and improving quality. Doctors, hospitals and clinics would form networks; there would be more "coordination" of care, helped by more investment in information technology; better use of deductibles and co-payments would reduce unnecessary trips to doctors’ offices or clinics.

It’s shock therapy. Would it work No one knows, but two things are clear. First, as Medicare goes, so goes the entire health-care system. Medicare is the nation’s largest insurance program, with 48 million recipients and spending last year of $ 520 billion. Second, few doubt that today’s health-care system has much waste: medical care that does no good.

Under Ryan’s plan, incentives would shift. Medicare would no longer be an open ATM; the vouchers would limit total spending. Providers would face pressures to do more with less; there would certainly be charges that essential care was being denied. The Obama administration argues that better results can be achieved by modifying incentives within the existing system. Perhaps. But history suggests skepticism. It’s Ryan’s radicalism vs. President Obama’s remedy policy. Which is realistic and which is wishful thinking Burdened by runaway spending, Medicare "as we know it" is going to end. The only questions are when and on whose terms.

It can be inferred from the passage that Ryan’s plan（）

A. would be readily accepted by the Obama administration

B. is nothing but wishful thinking and thus is unrealistic

C. arises from dissatisfaction with Obama’s health-care reform

D. ignores the essential health-care for old beneficiaries
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