问题 问答题

人类发展的历史进程中人们不断研制出各种不同的用具,制造用具的材料也在不断地发生变化,金属制品因其美观、耐用、轻便易成型而被人们广泛利用,请根据所学知识及生活知识参与有关金属及其制品的讨论.

(1)以下工具的制作过程中没有发生化学变化的是______.

A. 原始人制作石刀   B.冶炼青铜        C. 炼铁

(2)请将以下金属材料的冶炼按年代的先后顺序排序______(填序号).

A.铁               B.青铜            C.铝

(3)孔雀石主要成分为碱式碳酸铜,经加热会发生反应:Cu2(OH)2CO3

  △  
.
 
2CuO+H2O+CO2↑,古代人们发现翠绿的孔雀石在森林大火中会变成红色的铜,请写出转化为铜的另一个反应方程式:______

(4)到西汉时期我国的劳动人民又发明了“湿法炼铜”,在西汉刘安所著的《淮南万毕术》中就有“曾青得铁则化为铜”的记载(“曾青”是指铜的化合物),请用反应方程式表示其冶炼原理:______.

(5)现代工业冶炼金属铝和铁的化学反应方程式分别为:铝、______、铁、______

(6)某钢铁公司欲用200t含氧化铁80%的赤铁矿石炼铁,请你用两种不同的方法计算该公司所得到的生铁中最多含铁多少吨?

答案

(1)各工具的制作过程中只有石刀的制作没有经过化学变化,只是经过了打磨的物理变化,而青铜器的冶炼、铁的冶炼都要经过化学变化;

(2)由所学的人类冶炼金属的历史依据三者的活动性知识可知铁、青铜和铝的冶炼顺序为:青铜、铁和铝;

(3)碱式碳酸铜分解可生成氧化铜而森林大火中一定会有木炭产生,而碳和氧化铜在加热时会生成铜和二氧化碳,方程式为2CuO+2C

 高温 
.
 
2Cu+CO2↑;

(4)“湿法炼铜”的原理是金属与盐溶液的反应,可用Fe+CuSO4═Cu+FeSO4表示其反应的原理;

(5)工业中铝的冶炼一般是电解氧化铝而铁的冶炼原理则是氧化铁和一氧化碳的反应,方程式分别为:2Al2O3

 通电 
.
 
4Al+3O2↑;Fe2O3+3CO
 高温 
.
 
2Fe+3CO2

(6)含铁量最多及铁没有损耗,所以可依据化学方程式以及化学式的计算解决;

①设可炼出的生铁最多含铁质量是x则

3CO+Fe2O3

 高温 
.
 
2Fe+3CO2

     160        112

200t×80%        x

160
112
=
200t×80%
x

解得x=112t

②由于矿石中的铁元素的质量在反应后全部以单质铁存在,则根据铁元素的质量守恒可知,

炼出的生铁的含铁量最多为200t×80%×56

56×2
56×2+16×3
×100%=112t.

故答案为:(1)A;(2)B、A、C;(3)2CuO+2C

 高温 
.
 
2Cu+CO2↑;(4)Fe+CuSO4═Cu+FeSO4;(5)2Al2O3
 通电 
.
 
4Al+3O2↑; Fe2O3+3CO
 高温 
.
 
2Fe+3CO2

(6)答:该公司所得到的生铁中最多含铁112吨;

填空题

Part 4


Questions 26-45


·Read the following passage and decide which answer bestfits each space.
·For questions 26-45, mark one letter A, B, C or D on the Answer Sheet.
The "standard of living" of any country means the (26) person’s share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country’s standard of living, therefore depends (27) and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. "Wealth" in this (28) is not money, for we do not live on money (29) on things that money can buy: "goods" such as food and clothing, and "services" such as (30) and "entertainment".
A country’s capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect (31) one another. Wealth depends (32) a great extent upon a country’s natural resources. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a (33) soil and a favorable climate; other regions (34) none of them.
Next to natural resources (35) the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well off as the USA in natural resources, but suffered for many years from (36) and external wars, and for this and other reasons was incapable (37) her resources. Sound and (38) political conditions, and freedom from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country (39) well served by nature but less well ordered.
A country’s standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and (40) within its own borders, but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. For example, Britain’s wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much (41) if she had to depend only on those grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would (42) be lacking. A country’s wealth is, therefore, much (43) by its manufacturing capacity, (44) that other countries can be found ready to (45) its manufactures.

A.little

B.less

C.much

D.more