问题 综合题

明、清(前期)时社会经济发展出现了新特点;同时在政治、思想和文学等方面也相应地出现了一些新的特点,成为社会经济发展的反映。

请回答下列问题:

(1)试述这时期社会经济发展的特点,并简要说明其在政治、思想和文学方面的反映。(2)结合哲学知识,说明上述现象反映了历史唯物主义的哪一原理?

答案

(1)明、清(前期)社会经济发展的特点是:一、商品经济有了新发展,大量农产品和手工业品投放市场,成为商品;二、在商品经济比较发达的地区,出现了资本主义生产关系的萌芽,标志着封建制度走向衰落。

社会经济发展的反映是:政治上,明朝设立了厂卫特务机构,说明社会矛盾尖锐。明朝后期,宦官专权,土地兼并严重,爆发了明末农民起义。起义军提出了“均田免粮”的口号,触及了封建的土地所有制,表明封建制度的基础已经发生动摇。清朝初年,增设军机处,集军政大权于皇帝手中,还一再兴起文字狱,残酷 * * 知识分子。

思想上,黄宗羲无情地揭露和抨击了腐朽的封建专制制度,最早表达了民主主义的思想。

文学上,《红楼梦》一书,艺术地形象地反映了我国封建社会走向崩溃的历史趋势。

(2)这一现象体现的是社会存在决定社会意识原理。社会存在决定社会意识,社会意识是社会存在的反映,社会存在的性质决定社会意识的性质,社会存在的变化决定社会意识的变化。

本题是一道政史结合的题目,同时也体现历史学科内综合的要求。解题时要结合时间限制充分提取经济、政治、思想、文学的史实,分析其关系,按题目要求进行归纳、概括。对第(2)问要注意从历史唯物主义角度提取原理。

阅读理解

February has long been a month of romance(浪漫). With the sweet smell of roses in the air, romantic films hit cinemas and love stories fill newspapers and magazines.

On the 14th day, it is a custom for a boy to take his girlfriend out to dinner, buy her flowers and chocolates, write poems, sing to her or even spell out her name with rose petals! This is what you see on Valentine’s Day, a day named after Valentine who was a priest(牧师) in the third century Rome. When the emperor (皇帝) decided that single men could become better soldiers than those with wives, he didn’t allow marriage. But Valentine continued to perform(主持) marriage ceremonies(典礼) for young lovers in secret. When his actions were discovered, the emperor sentenced him to death. While in prison(监狱), it is said that Valentine fell in love with the daughter of his prison guard. Before his death, he wrote her a letter, which he signed (签名)“From your Valentine”, an expression that is still  in use today. Valentine died for what he believed in and so he was made a Saint (圣徒), as well as becoming one of history’s most romantic characters.

Nowadays, Valentine’s Day is also popular among Chinese young people. Some students are planning to make Valentine’s cards for parents, teachers and friends. Others want to hold parties at which they will exchange small gifts and eat heart-shaped(心形的) cakes. The idea is to have fun and encourage people to share in the spirit of St. Valentine.

小题1:Why did the emperor in Rome not allow marriage in his country?

A.Because there were few women in his country at that time.

B.Because he wanted to control the birth rate.

C.Because there wasn’t enough food for so many people.

D.Because he thought men without wives could be better soldiers.小题2:Valentine was put into prison because ______.

A.he killed one of the soldiers

B.he didn’t obey the emperor’s order

C.he stole a lot of food

D.he didn’t want to be a soldier小题3:The last paragraph mainly tells us ______.

A.students in China send cards to their teachers

B.Valentine’s Day is also popular in China now

C.it is interesting to celebrate Valentine’s Day in China

D.it is a good idea to celebrate Valentine’s Day in China小题4:The best title for this passage should be ______.

A.Valentine’s Day in China

B.A Brave Priest

C.Valentine’s Day

D.A Romantic Man

填空题